People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive．

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions．They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors．There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory．The controversy is often referred to as  “nature and nurture”．

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors．That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory．Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts（本能）．

Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act．A behaviorist, B．F．Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings．The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans’ respond to environmental stimuli（刺激） as the basis of their behavior．

Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are far-reaching．In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests．This leads some “anature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites．Behaviorists, on the contrary, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do．

Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior．In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes．That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．

1.This passage is mainly concerned with              ．

    A．relation between personality and behavior

    B．relation between behavior and environment

    C．different accounts of patterns of human behavior

    D．different theories of the formation of human behavior

2.The underlined word " proponents'' in paragraph 2 means           ．

    A．creators         B．advisors         C．advocates        D．judges

3.In paragraph 5 , the author mainly writes about           ．

    A．the considerable influence of the two theories

    B．differences between the blacks and whites

    C．racial discrimination in the United States

    D．different responds to intelligence tests

4.What's the author's purpose in writing the passage?

    A．To call our attention to the changes of human behavior．

    B．To urge scientists to do more research in social science．

    C．To give us a detailed explanation of human behavior．

    D．To present an argument in the field of social science．

 

 

阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。

Lots of teenagers are trying to enter a university by coping stories and phrases from the internet to fill out their personal statements in Britain. Personal statements are used to show what can make applicants （申请）different as they outline their interests and reasons for studying a particular course. But it seems that some ideas and words are alike, even the same, thanks to an internet site designed to help those who don’t know what to write about themselves. A study found that nearly 800 applications had personal statements containing phrases taken from three online examples. The study, which involved examining 50,000 personal statements, found that 5% used the material from the internet, most from one free website. Borrowed material was most likely to appear at the end of a statement or where the applicant described the reasons for wanting to study a subject. Almost all applications are now completed online, but the new evidence of Internet temptation（诱惑）follow concern that teenagers are cutting and pasting material for A-level coursework(课程作业). A spokesman said later that he and his partners were looking for ways examine whether people appeared to be copying material.

[写作内容]

　　1．以约30个词概括短文的要点；

　　2．以约120个词表达你对校园中出现作弊现象的看法，并包括如下要点：

　　（1）分析某些学生作弊的原因；

（2）指出作弊引起的不良后果；

（3）号召学生们杜绝作弊现象的发生。

[写作要求]

1.          在作文中可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用阅读材料中的句子。

2.          作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校的名称。

[评分标准]

　　概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。

（请考生在答题卷上作答。）

 

When Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, it was a revolution in communication．Over the last two decades a new means of spoken communication has emerged: the mobile phone．

The modern mobile phone is a more complex version of the two-way radio．Traditional two-way radio was a very limited means of communication．As soon as the users moved out of range of each other's broadcast area, the signal was lost．In the 1940s, researchers began experimenting with the idea of using a number of radio masts （天线杆）located around to pick up signals from two-way radios．A caller would always be within range of one of the masts; when he or she moved too far away from one mast, the next mast would pick up the signal．（Scientists referred to each mast's reception area as being a separate "cell"; this is why in．many countries mobile phones are called "cell phones"．）

The first real mobile telephone call was made in 1973 by Dr Martin Cooper．As soon as his invention was completed,, he tested it by calling another scientist to announce his success．Within a decade, mobile phones became available to the public．They have changed the way we do a lot of things．One powerful feature is the Short Message Service （SMS） or text message．It's the perfect communication method for the busy modern lifestyle．Going to be late? Send a text message! The text message has changed the way we write in English．The language construction became less strict．Traditional rules of grammar and spelling are much less important when you're sitting on the bus, hurriedly typing "Will B 15mm late-C U @ the bar．（I will be 15 minutes late to see you at the

bar．） Sorry!"．

Over the last few years mobiles have become more and more advanced．We have seen the instruction of cameras, global positioning system and Internet access．

Alexander Graham Bell would be surprised if he could see how far the science of telephone has progressed in less than 150 years．If he were around today, he might say: "That’s gr8（great）! But I'm busy rite now（I am very busy right now）．Will call U2nite（I will call you tonight．）．"

1.The writing style of the passage is a （an）___．

A．narrative

B．description

C．essay

D．review

2.The article is intended to__     _．

A．warn people of the possible risks in using mobile phones

B．inform readers of the history and benefits of mobile phones

C．convince people of the uses of mobile phones

D．predict the applications of mobile phones

3.What do you think of the writer according to the last paragraph．

A．Humorous.

B．Ironic.

C．Kind.

D．Worried.

 

One day my math teacher asked me to help him save back-up copies of his work in the computer. I then realized I was able to  36  the grades for all of his classes. I showed him how to copy files from one disk to another and he  37  me.

A few days later be asked me to help him again, because he   38  how to do it. when I began to show this to him, some students in my class   39  and began to talk among themselves   40  . Later that day, at lunch time, I was   41  by several of them.

“Hey, could you help us change our grades in math? We’ll  42  you…”

I could not believe what I was hearing．I could get paid for something very   43  ．" All right．I'll do it．" The next day my math teacher   44  me to help him out．When he was not paying attention, I began to change their grades from F's to A's．

I soon became very   45   among my friends．They began to treat me like a god with a magical  46  ．I began to change the grades of students．Word   47   quickly and I became very rich．

Everything was going fine   48   I was called into the headmaster's office．When I got there, my teacher was mad, and the headmaster had an angry   49   in his eyes．  "I have known you for three years now．I don't want to  50   what your teacher said, but I'm afraid that I must．He has too much   51   , " he said．" Do you have anything to say   52   yourself?" he asked．

"No．" I said finally．I did not realize how serious my actions had been．I had violated the      53  of my teacher, and the headmaster．And there was no way   54  ．I was forced to leave my school．

That was a good   55  for me．

1.A．access           B．assess         C．change         D．mark

2.A．guided           B．supported      C．thanked        D．accepted

3.A．doubted          B．remembered     C．reminded       D．forgot

4.A．hid              B．noticed        C．complained     D．agreed

5.A．disappointedly B．quietly          C．freely         D．angrily

6.A．appointed        B．approved       C．approached     D．appreciated

7.A．pay              B．praise         C．follow         D．inspire

8.A．familiar         B．simple         C．interesting    D．pleasant

9.A．forced           B．advised        C．encouraged     D．got

10.A．optimisticB．popular              C．sensitive      D．grateful

11.A．energy          B．strength       C．right          D．power

12.A．escaped         B．slipped        C．spread         D．fled

13.A．until           B．since          C．as             D．after

14.A．sight           B．look           C．light          D．feeling

15.A．believe         B．ignore         C．oppose         D．influence

16.A．experienceB．pressure             C．confidence     D．evidence

17.A．to              B．by             C．for            D．of

18.A．intention       B．honor          C．promise        D．trust

19.A．on              B．in             C．back           D．down

20.A．lesson B．skill    C．story    D．example

 

A newly-published study has shown that loneliness can spread from one person to another, like a disease. Researchers used information from the Framingham Study, which began in 1948. The Framingham Study gathers information about physical and mental health, personal behavior and diet. At first, the study involved about 5,000 people in the American state of Massachusetts. Now, more than 12,000 individuals are taking part.

Information from the Framingham Study showed earlier that happiness can spread from person to person. So can behaviors like littering and the ability to stop smoking.     

University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo led the recent study. He and other researchers attempted to show how often people felt lonely. They found that the feeling of loneliness spread through social groups.

Having a social connection with a lonely person increased the chances that another individual would feel lonely. In fact, a friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. A friend of that person was 25% more likely. The researchers say this shows that a person could indirectly be affected by someone’s loneliness.

The effect was strongest among friends. Neighbors were the second most affected group. The effect was weaker on husbands and wives, and brothers and sisters. The researchers also found that loneliness spread more easily among women than men.

The New York Times newspaper reports that, on average, people experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. It also found that every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about five percent, or two and a half fewer lonely days.

Loneliness has been linked to health problems like depression and sleeping difficulties. The researchers believe that knowing the causes of loneliness could help in reducing it.

The study suggests that people can take steps to stop the spread of loneliness. They can do this by helping individuals they know who may be experiencing loneliness. The result can be helpful to the whole social group.

1.What is TRUE about the Framingham Study?

A. It was only conducted in 1948.

B. It involves more than 12,000 participants.

C. It was led by John Cacioppo.

D. It showed that any behavior could spread.

2. Which statement about the spread of loneliness is true?

A. The spreading effect was the second strongest among friends.

B. No spreading effect was found on husbands and wives.

C. Women are more likely to be affected than men.

D. Brothers are more easily affected than neighbors.

3. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Actions should be taken to help lonely people.

B. People feel lonely for many reasons.

C. Ways to fight against loneliness.

D. Lonely people can affect others.