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题目列表(包括答案和解析)

The Nature of Stress

We are often faced with stressors that are outside of our control, from rare natural disasters to everyday traffic jams. There is a good deal of evidence that uncontrollable events are particularly stressful. This has been shown in studies of “executive rats,” in which two rats receive exactly the same electric shock, but one is given a lever(杠杆)that could be used to turn the shock off after it occurs. Over a long series of such trials, the partner rat, helpless to do anything about its pain, is more likely to develop ulcers (溃疡) than is the “executive”.

Stress is mostly caused by uncertain events. Uncertainty about an event makes it more disturbing. One study found that subjects who were told that they had a 5 percent chance of receiving an electric shock were actually more uneasy than those who were told that they had a 50 percent chance.

People make various attempts to deal with their stress---removing the cause of the stress, seeking the support of friends or reinterpreting the situation to make it seem less unpleasant. Richard Lazarus and his colleagues have made a useful distinction between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Problem-focused strategies are those aimed at doing something to change the problem causing the stress.  Emotion-focused strategies tend to regulate our distressing emotional responses.

Psychologists Susan Folkman and Richard Lazarus examined undergraduate students’ coping strategies at three time periods---two days before a midterm examination, a week later two days before the grades were announced, and five days after the grades were posted. Before the exam, students tended to use such problem-focused strategies as studying---a guaranteed way to reduce the potential problems. After the exam, when their fates were sealed, if they sought out others, it was usually for emotional support.   

Like other animals, humans have always been safer in groups. Besides physical protection, people provide emotional support that can reduce the psychological and physiological symptoms of stress. A lack of support can increase our susceptibility(敏感性) to illness. For instance, short-term loneliness is associated with a decrease in immune response(免疫应答). In contrast, people who have strong social ties are usually more resistant to disease. For instance, after being diagnosed as having a life threatening disease, married people are likely to survive longer than unmarried people.

People may provide appraisal support, helping us to evaluate and clarify how serious a problem is. If a professor tells you that he had also failed his first college algebra exam, the consequences of your failure will seem less devastating.  Others can also provide informational support, giving advice about how to deal with the problem. Finally, friends and relatives may give us instrumental support, providing material goods or services to overcome the stress. If your father lends you some money when your car breaks down, you can stop tearing your hair out and just fix it.

Title:The Nature of Stress

1._________ makes

people more stressed

Events that can’t be 2.__________ are more stressful.

Events that are3.________will make animals or people more stressed.  

How to 4. _____stress

● Remove the cause of the stress.

●5.________to friends for help.

● Reinterpret the situation.

Do something to change the problem that 6._______ the stress.

Regulate our distressing emotional responses.

Effects of social

support

Support and protection from society make people feel less7.____.

Strong social ties make people both physically and 8.___________ healthy.

Types of social support

Appraisal support 9.____________ evaluate and clarify a problem.

Informational support gives advice on how to solve a problem.

Instrumental support provides material goods or services to get10._______ the stress.

 

 

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第三部分:阅读理解(共15小题;每小题2分,满分 30分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Kenya wants to organize a major international conference to discuss how to fight piracy(海盗) off the coast of Somalia. The conference may also deal with ways to rescue Somalia from seventeen years of civil war. More than forty percent of its people depend on food aid.
Kenyan Foreign Minister Moses Wetangula says the world cannot end piracy and civil war without dealing with Somalia’s political problems.
Somali pirates operate in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden. The Gulf of Aden connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean by way of the Suez Canal. The pirates have fast boats, modern weapons and equipment like satellite phones and global positioning systems.
Pirates hijacked the Sirius Star off the coast of Kenya and moved it to waters off Somalia.
The tanker Sirius Star, at three hundred thirty meters long, is the biggest ship ever known to have been captured by pirates. It also happened farther south than most attacks, and farther out at sea ---- more than eight hundred kilometers from land.
The ship was headed for the United States with two million karrels of oil, worth an estimated one hundred million dollars. A Saudi Arabian company owns the tanker. The pirates have  reportedly demanded twenty-five million dollars in negotiations to release the ship and its crew of twenty-five.
Somali pirates generally do not steal goods or kill hostages. They are believed to be holding seventeen ships with about three hundred crew members. Among the ships is a Ukrainian vessel hijacked(劫持) in September with a load of military weapons including tanks.
The increase in piracy is raising the cost of insuring ships. Also, oil from the Middle East and exports from East Asia could take longer to arrive.
Some of the world’s heaviest shipping traffic passes the Somali coast. But major shipping companies have begun to consider new routes. One of the world’s biggest shippers, A.P, Moeller Maersk, says it will avoid the Gulf of Aden. A move away from the Suez Canal could hurt Egypt’s economy.
American and other foreign navy ships are now watching for pirates. This week the Indian Navy destroyed a heavily armed “mother ship” in the Gulf of Aden. But the area to protect covers more than one hundred sixty million square kilometers.
56. According to the passage, which of the following is the key to solving the piracy in Somalia?
A. Providing lots of money.               B. Ending Civil war.
C. Supplying enough food.                D. Handling Somalia’s political problems.
57. Somali pirates do the following things except that _______.
A. they demand money                 B. they hold the ships with crew
C. they kill some of the hostages           D. they hijack ships with military weapons
58. What can we infer from the passage?
A. The cost of ship transport is decreasing.
B. The routes of some ships might change.
C. Nothing has been done to fight against the piracy.
D. The Suez Canal is of no importance to Egypt’s economy.

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Beaches Cross-Training Club

Halloween Fun Run

Start date: Sept. 9---Oct. 28

Rate: $80 / $10 per class

Time: 4:15---5:15

Dress according to weather. Please note that your child does not need to run races in order to participate in this run training. Focus is on fun and participation. No run experience needed. All ages of kids are welcome.

Class format: 40 minutes of running and running games.

Saturday Indoor Long Rides 2---5 pm

Start date: Sat. Oct.17---Dec.19

Pre-registered rate: $200 / $ 20 per ride

Drop-in rate: $22

This class is designed for road riders, Ride to Conquer Cancer participants, athletic cross-training, and people wanting a great weekly challenge. Participants are encouraged to work within their own level of comfort. No previous riding experience needed; all are welcome. We will begin long rides at 2 hours, and after a few weeks add 15 minutes until we reach 3 hours. At that point, rides will remain 3 hours in length until the outdoor season begins.

Please bring liquid that you drink, nutrition and a towel. Room accommodates 18 spin bikes(健身车).

Family Fun Fit Private Coaching

Learn with Christina Kaufmann. Family Fun Fit’s Private Coaching Service begins with a one-hour face-to-face meeting where we map out where you are and where you wish to be. Next, Christina creates a personalized training program and schedule that will systematically train you and encourage you to achieve your desired goal.

Clients(顾客) have the access to the coach via email or phone. Christina’s past clients have successfully achieved their goals.

This service is ongoing(进行中). Cost is $150 per month.

1.Halloween Fun Run is held to make kids ______.

A.learn how to compete                    B.become professional runners

C.have a good time                        D.build self-confidence

2.When you attend Saturday Indoor Long Rides, you’re required to _____.

A.begin long rides at three hours             B.have precious riding experience

C.prepare some drinks                     D.be a road rider

3.What do we know about Christina Kaufmann ?

A.Her class is very lively and interesting.

B.She gives her instructions on the phone in most cases.

C.She offers service for free.

D.She helps make training plans.

4.What’s the purpose of the text ?

A.To introduce Christina Kaufmann.

B.To help people form good habits.

C.To try to teach people how to keep fit.

D.To encourage people to join the club.

 

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第二节:完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从36—55各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出最佳选项。

Before my recent graduation,the last project of the term was called “Smile”.The class was asked to go out and  26  at three people and record their  27 .

Soon after we were given the  28 ,my husband and I went out to McDonald’s one cold morning.We were standing in   29 ,waiting to be  30  ,when suddenly everyone around us began to back away.A feeling of  31   rose up inside of me as I wondered what happened.

As I   32   around I smelled a horrible dirty smell.Behind me were two poor homeless men.As I looked at the short man close to me,he was smiling and his blue eyes searched for   33 .

He said“Good day”as he   34  the few coins.The waitress asked him what they wanted.He said,“Coffee is all,Miss.”That Was all they could   35 .

I   36   felt the urge and actually hugged him.That was  37   I noticed all the eyes in the restaurant were set on  38 .I smiled and asked the waitress for two more breakfast meals on   39  trays.I then walked to the table that the men had   40   as a resting spot.I put the trays on the table and laid my  41  on the short man’s cold hand.He said“Thank you” with tears in his eyes.

I  42  this story as my project.My instructor read it and said, “Can I  43  this with classmates?” I nodded.At that moment I found something more  44  than a simple smile.I graduated with one of the most important  45 I would ever learn-unconditional acceptance.

26.A.stare          B.aim          C.smile            D.shout

27.A.experiences         B.behaviors   C.reactions      D.feelings

28.A.task           B.degree     C.information            D.advice

29.A.public         B.turn          C.road          D.line

30.A.served            B.called     C.paid           D.checked

31.A.excitement    B.panic      C.satisfaction    D.disappointment

32.A.got             B.moved     C.turned        D.stayed

33.A.pleasure         B.attention      C.service          D.acceptance

34.A.counted         B.begged         C.saved        D.collected

35.A.accept                B.afford     C.drink        D.find

36.A.eagerly           B.probably      C.hardly           D.really

37.A.why           B.when       C.where        D.how

38.A.me             B.him          C.my husband   D.the waitress

39.A.separate         B.usual      C.clean         D.large

40.A.booked          B.hidden          C.chosen          D.ordered

41.A.meal          B.money     C.bill             D.hand

42.A.made up        B.handed in    C.went through  D.put away

43.A.believe           B.improve       C.share        D.evaluate

44.A.cheerful         B.practical      C.reasonable    D.valuable

45.A.courses           B.lessons         C.skills         D.rules

 

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It takes years of school to develop math skills, but learning about numbers starts earlier than you might think. Now according to a new study, at three months, babies have already started acquiring a concept (概念) of “how much”.
Previous research had suggested that very young babies can tell when the number of objects (物体) in a group has changed. But the babies in these studies were simply reacting generally to the fact that something had changed, they suspected.
Researchers of Harvard University studied 36 babies, all three months old. During the tests, each baby wore a hat with sensors (传感器). The babies watched a series of images on a computer screen. They showed the same object, such as a cartoon character. For a while, the number of the objects in the pictures didn’t change. Then the images began to display a different object, or a different number of one of the objects the babies had previously looked at. As soon as something changed, the babies’ brains responded with a specific pattern of electrical signals, which would be recorded by sensors.
By analyzing these signals, the researchers discovered that one part of the brain (near the top on the left side) responded when the object in the image changed. A different part of the brain (lower and on the right side) responded when the number of objects in the image changed. This was not the area of the brain that is involved in attention. That suggests that the babies’ brains are doing more than just reacting to a change in what they’re seeing – they actually seem to be able to tell number changes from other types of changes.
Numbers and amounts are important concepts in our lives. Even though babies are years away from adding, subtracting (减), multiplying, and dividing, their brains seem to be preparing for a time when they finally will.
【小题1】Why were hats with sensors used in the study?

A.To record the images on the computer screen.
B.To remind babies of the changes of numbers.
C.To record the electrical activity of each baby’s brain.
D.To help babies concentrate on the computer screen.
【小题2】What does the underlined word “They” in the third paragraph refer to?
A.Babies involved in the study.
B.Sensors worn by the babies.
C.Numbers marked on the objects.
D.Images shown on the computer screen.
【小题3】Which part of the brain is responsible for responding to the changes of numbers?
A.The top.
B.The left side.
C.The lower and the right side.
D.The upper and the left side.
【小题4】The last paragraph mainly implies that           .
A.babies are in fact cleverer than they are thought
B.it is impossible to understand human brain completely
C.numbers play the most important part in people’s lives
D.the ability of babies remain a mystery to scientists
【小题5】The purpose of the study is to prove that          .
A.math skills should be developed as early as possible
B.numbers are easier for babies to judge than images
C.babies really do have some sense of numbers
D.babies can react differently to what they see

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