Parkinson’s is a disease of the central nervous system. It is a progressive disorder, meaning it gets worse over time. The disease affects a small area of cells in the middle of the brain. This area is called the substantial nigra(黑质). The cells slowly lose their ability to produce a chemical called dopamine（多巴胺）. The decrease in the amonnt of dopamine can result in one or more general signs of Parkinson’s disease. These include shaking of the hands, arms and lege. They also include difficulty moving or keeping balanced while waslking or standing. Also, there may be emotional changes, like feeling depressed or worried. The symptoms（症状）of Parkinson’s differ from person to person. They also differ in their intensity（剧烈强度）.

The disease is named after James Parkinson. He was a British doctor who first described this condition in 1817. During the 1960s, researchers discovered changes in the brains of people with the disease These discoveries led to mediums to treat the effects of the disease. There is no cure for Parkinson’s and no way to prevent it. And doctors still are not sure what causes Parkinson’s.

The United States National Institute of Health says at least 500,000 people in the country are believed to have Parkinson’s disease. About 50,000 new eases are reported each year. That number is expected to grow as the average age of the population increases.

Parkinson’s appears most often in people over the age of fifty. Some researchers believe that almost every one would develop Parkinson’s eventually if they lived long enough. Most patients have what is called idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Idiopathic（先天）means the cause is unknown. People who develop the disease often want to link it to something they can identify. This might be a medieval operation or extreme emotional tension.

Yet many doctors reject this idea of a direct link to Parkinson’s. They point to people who have similar experiences and do not develop the disease.

47．If anyone has got the disease, he may have some trouble in　　　　　 .

　　　 A．common rolling　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．physical actions

　　　 C．formal communicating　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．daily eating

48．The disease, Parkinson usually takes place in　　　　 .

　　　 A．nerve system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．the bone

　　　 C．blood system　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．the skin

49．From the passage, we could know that it is possible to develop Parkinson’s for .

　　　 A．a teenager　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．a young person

　　　 C．an aged person　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．a kid

50．The passage tells us that the disease　　　　　 .

　　　 A．usually has the similar symptom　　　　　 B．was first discovered by an Asian

　　　 C．is really easy to infect　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．is really hard to cure at present

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered the blanks by using the information from the passage. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

The World Bank, the United Nations and the London School Of Hygiene and Tropica1 Medicine did a study to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people washed their hands with soap often. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease.

     Doctors say, many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms (寄生虫), influenza (流行性感冒), the common cold, hepatitis (肝炎) A, meningitis (脑膜炎) and infectious diarrhea (腹泻).

    Hand-washing destroys germs from other people, animals or objects a person has touched. When people get bacteria on their hands, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then these people can infect other people.  

   The experts say the easiest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed. Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not clean.

   The experts say that hand-washing is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste, and after cleaning a baby. The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your home is sick. The experts say the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water．They say you do not have to use special antibacterial soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen seconds. The rubbing action helps remove germs. Then rinse (冲洗) the hands with water and dry them.

Title：  　　1　　 

I.   　　2 　　

  Many diseases can be prevented by increasing hand-washing with soap.

II. When to do

  ·Before and after preparing food

  ·Before eating and after  　　 3　　 

  ·After handling animal or animal waste

  ·After cleaning a baby

  ·After handling money and after sneezing or coughing

  ·When  　　 4 　　  in your home

III.   　　5　　 

  · 　　 6 　　  of hands for about 10-15 seconds

  · 　　 7　　   to use special antibacterial soap

   Rubbing hands together while using  　　 8 　　  water

IV.  　　 9 　　

Hand-washing could be the most  　　 10 　　  to reduce infectious diseases

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered the blanks by using the information from the passage. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
The World Bank, the United Nations and the London School Of Hygiene and Tropica1 Medicine did a study to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people washed their hands with soap often. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease.
Doctors say, many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms (寄生虫), influenza (流行性感冒), the common cold, hepatitis (肝炎) A, meningitis (脑膜炎) and infectious diarrhea (腹泻).
Hand-washing destroys germs from other people, animals or objects a person has touched. When people get bacteria on their hands, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then these people can infect other people.  
The experts say the easiest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed. Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not clean.
The experts say that hand-washing is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste, and after cleaning a baby. The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your home is sick. The experts say the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water．They say you do not have to use special antibacterial soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen seconds. The rubbing action helps remove germs. Then rinse (冲洗) the hands with water and dry them.
Title： 　　1　　 
I.   　　2 　　
Many diseases can be prevented by increasing hand-washing with soap.
II. When to do
·Before and after preparing food
·Before eating and after  　　 3　　 
·After handling animal or animal waste
·After cleaning a baby
·After handling money and after sneezing or coughing
·When  　　 4 　　  in your home
III.   　　5　　 
· 　　 6 　　  of hands for about 10-15 seconds
· 　　 7　　  to use special antibacterial soap
Rubbing hands together while using  　　 8 　　  water
IV.  　　 9 　　
Hand-washing could be the most  　　 10 　　  to reduce infectious diseases

Taking physical exercise regularly is an effective way to avoid ______ with the flu.

A. to infect B. infecting

C. to be infected　　 D. being infected