1. 同义或近义词，如：

begin ― start; learn ― study; almost ― nearly; perhaps ― maybe; hard ― difficult; fast ― quickly; borrow ― lend; can ― be able to; say ― speak ― talk ― tell; see ― look at ― watch; hear ― listen to; many ― much ― a lot of ― lots of; reach ― get to ― arrive at / in; look after ― take care of; enjoy oneself ― have a good time; be good at ― do well in; at last ― in the end ― finally;

4. 缩略法：(即由多个字母缩略成少数的几个字母，词义不变) 如：

television → TV; telephone → phone; bicycle → bike; physical education → PE

初中三年的学习中同学们接触了不少在“形、义、用”上有关联的单词，将它们按相同、相似或相反等功能分别加以归类对比，可以增强复习的趣味性，印象深刻，有助于保持长久记忆。

3. 转化法：(即由一种词类转化成另一种词类，词形不变) 如：

water (水，名词) → water (浇水，动词; plant (植物，名词) → plant (种植，动词); orange (橙子，名词) → orange (橙色的， 形容词); mind (思想，名词) → mind (介意，动词)

2. 派生法：(即通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成新词的方法)，如：

1) 加前缀的情况

mid + 名词，表示“中”、“中间”，如：mid-autumn

mis + 动词，表示相反的意思，如：take → mistake

re + 动词，表示动作的重复，如：retell; return

un + 介词或形容词，构成反义词，如：unhappy; unlike; unusual

a + 动词，表示状态， 如：asleep; alive

2) 加后缀的情况

动词 → 名词：invent → inventor, invention; operate → operator, operation; drive → driver; read → reader; teach → teacher; travel →traveller; visit → visitor

形容词 → 副词：careful → carefully; loud → loudly; true → truly

名词 → 形容词：sun → sunny; rain → rainy; noise → noisy; friend → friendly; Canada → Canadian; wool → woolen; danger → dangerous

动词 → 形容词：help → helpful; use → useful; enjoy → enjoyable; worry → worried; interest → interested

形容词 → 名词：different → difference; good → goodness; foreign → foreigner

1. 合成法 (即由两个或两个以上的词合成新词的方法) ，如：

合成名词：shop + keeper → shopkeeper; moon + cake → mooncake; class + room → classroom; black + board → blackboard

合成代词：everyone; something; anybody; nothing … etc.

4. 颜色：red, orange, yellow, green, blue, black, white, brown, pink, purple, light green, dark blue

运用所学构词知识与词义和词性结合起来记忆单词，可以节省单纯背记单词的时间，少走弯路。初中三年学习的构词法主要有以下几种：

3. 服装：coat, sweater, dress, suit, trousers, shirt, skirt, blouse

2. 人体名称：head, hair, eye, nose, mouth, neck, arm, hand, leg, foot

如：1. 文化用品：bag, ink, pencil, pencil-box, book, ruler, eraser

4. 归纳同音异形异义词，如：

new ― knew; weather ― whether; nose ― knows; pair ― pear; father ― farther; blue ― blew; I ― eye; here ― hear; hour ― our; past ― passed; see ― sea; right ― write; whole ― hole; won ― one; meet ― meat; week ― weak; would ― wood; aren’t ― aunt; son ― sun; know ― no; to ― too ― two; buy ― by ― bye