Directions:　 Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets．

1．谁能保证他会遵守诺言?　 (guarantee)

(D)

Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use．This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives．

To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so ．Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today．It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized．In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient．

Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution．Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields．Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable．However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity．

What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050．yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions．

All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th．This will require radical thinking．For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones．We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”．The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage．Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used．There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity．It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting, but we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity．

What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production．

76．How do people often measure progress in agriculture?

　A．By its productivity　　　　　　　　 B． By its impact on the environment

　C．By its sustainability　 　　　　　　　D．By its contribution to economic growth

77．What does the author think of traditional farming practices?

　A．They have remained the same over the centuries

　B．They have not kept pace with population growth

　C．They are not necessarily sustainable

　D．They are environmentally friendly

78．What will agriculture be like in the 21st century?

　A．It will go through radical changes

　B．It will supply more animal products

　C．It will abandon traditional farming practices

　D．It will cause zero damage to the environment

79．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?

　A．To remind people of the need of sustainable development

　B．To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production

　C．To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress

　D．To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is．

Section C

Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A--G for each paragraph．There are two examples that have been done for you．There is one extra heading which you do not need．

Popular photography can properly be said to have started in 1888 with the introduction of the Kodak．The Kodak camera was the invention of an American, George Eastman (1854-1932)．Advertised as “the smallest, lightest and simplest of all Detective Cameras”( a popular term of the 1880’s for hand-held cameras), it was a simple wooden box．It was small and light enough to be held in the hands while in use．

80．

He chose the name for his camera with great care．“The letter K had been a favorite with me…it seems strong, incisive sort of letter．It became a question of trying out a great number of combinations of letters that made words starting and ending with K．The word Kodak is the result”．

81．

Taking a photograph with the Kodak camera was very easy, requiring only three simple actions: turning the key (to wind on the film); pulling the string (to set the shelter); and pressing the bottom (to release the shutter and make the exposure)．It was, in many aspects the forerunner of today’s point-and-shoot cameras．No viewfinder was needed, and the camera was simply pointed at the subject to be photographed．

82．

Poor definition at the edge of image area, however, meant that a circular mask had to be used in the camera, placed in front of the film．This accounts for the distinctive round photographs which the Kodak camera produced．

83．

Ingenious, compact and simple to use though it was, the technology of the Kodak camera was not particularly revolutionary．It was not the first hand camera, nor indeed was it the first camera to be made solely for roll film．The true significance of the camera, which makes it a landmark in the history of photography, is that it was the first stage in a complete system of amateur photography．

The Kodak camera was sold already loaded with enough film to take 100 photographs．After the film had been exposed, the entire camera was posted to the factory where it was unloaded and the film developed and printed．The camera reloaded with fresh film, was then returned to its owner together with the negatives and a set of prints．Previously, photographers had had no choice but to do their own developing and printing．This, more than any other factor, had delayed the popularization of photography．

84．

The new convenience, however, did not come cheap．In Britain, the Kodak camera sold for five guineas (￡5．25)．The developing and printing service cost a further two guineas (￡2．10)．in 1888, ￡1 was a week’s wage for many workers．However, in 1900 the five-shilling (25p) Brownie camera was introduced．For the first time, the pleasures of photography had been brought within reach of practically everybody．

第II卷 (共45分)

(C)

Electric Shock

Injuries caused by electric shock are fairly common．When a person has received an electric shock, no one should go near him/her until the current has been turned off．If a shock occurring at work or at home causes someone to lose consciousness, electrical connection must be broken before anyone tries to give assistance．You should either turn off the switch at the mains or, if that is not possible, push the person away with a dry piece of wood．

Treatment Shock

Look out for signs of shock．People who have been injured or who may have lost a lot of blood, or those who have had heart attacks, may be in deep shock．The signs to look for are faintness, paleness, a moist, sticky skin, shallow, rapid breathing and a fast but weak heartbeat．

Shock can prove fatal, and it is essential to do something to prevent its developing．The best way to treat or prevent shock is to keep the patient lying down, better with the legs higher than the head; if possible, raise the lower part of the body on a rolled-up packet or similar object．Make the patient as comfortable as possible, loosening any tight clothing, and comfort him/her because fright increases the effects of shock．

72．Match the pictures with the passages．_________

　　　 A．Picture 2．Electric shock; Picture 3．Treatment of shock

　　　 B．Picture 1．Electric shock; Picture 4．Treatment of shock

　　　 C．Picture 4．Electric shock; Picture 2．Treatment of shock

　　　 D．Picture 3．Electric shock; Picture 1．Treatment of shock

73．The above passages and pictures have something to do with________

　　　 A．how to deal with difficulties　　　　　　　　　 B．how to do first aid

　　　 C．how to face danger　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．how to match pictures with passages

74．What would happen if you didn’t turn off the current when you had to treat an unconscious person who had just received an electric shock?

　　　 A．He would regain his consciousness soon．

　　　 B．He would die soon．

　　　 C．Electrical connection would be broken．　

　　　 D．You would be in danger of getting the shock yourself．

75．Of the following adjectives chosen from above, which one has the meaning of“causing death”?　

　　　 A．Fatal．　　　　　　　　 B．Sticky．　　　　　　　 C．Essential．　　　　　 D．Unconscious．

(B)

TODAY, Friday, November 12

JAZZ with the Mike Thomas Jazz Band at The Derby Arms．Upper Richmond Road West, Sheen．

DISCO Satin Sounds Disco．Free at The Lord Napier, Mort lake High St．, from 8a．m．to 8p．m．

Tel: 682-1158．

SATURDAY, November 13

JAZZ Lysis at The Bull’s Head, Barnes．Admission 60p．

MUSICAL HALL at The Star and Garter, Lower Richmond Road, Putney, provided by the

Aba Daba Music Hall company．Good food and entertainment fair price．Tel: 789-6749．

FAMILY night out? Join the sing-along at The Black Horse．Sheen Road, Richmond．

JAZZ The John Bennett Big Band at The Bull’s Head, Barnes．Admission 80p．

THE DERBY ARMS, Upper Richmond Road West, give you Joe on the electric accordion．

Tel: 789-4536

SUNDAY, November 14

DISCO Satin Sounds Disco, free at The Lord Napier, Mort Lake High Street, from 8 a．m．to 8 p．m．FOLK MUSIC at The Derby Arms．

The Short Stuff and residents the Norman Chop Trio．

Non-remembers 70p．Tel: 688-4626．

HEAVY MUSIC with Tony Simon at The Bull, Upper Richmond Road West, East Sheen．

THE DERBY ARMS, Upper Richmond Road West, give you Joe on the electric accordion．

68．Where and when can you hear the Mike Thomas Jazz Band?

　　　 A．At the Derby Arms on Friday．　　　　　　 B．At the Black Horse on Friday．

　　　 C．At the Star and Garter on Saturday．　　 D．At the Derby Arms on Sunday．

69．Where and when can you hear the Norman Chop Trio?

　　　 A．At the Bull’s Head on Sunday． 　　　　　 B．At the Derby Arms on Sunday

　　　 C．At the Bull on Saturday． 　　　　　　　　　 D．At the Black Horse on Saturday．

70．You want to spend the Saturday by joining the entertainment with your family．Where should you go?

　　　 A．Disco at The Lord Napier．　　　　　　　　　

　　　 B．The sing-along at The Black Horse．

　　　 C．The electric accordion at The Derby Arms．　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　 D．Jazz at The Bull’s Head

71．You want to spend the same day at two different places and don’t want to cross any street．Which of the following is your best choice?

　　　 A．The sing-along at the Black Horse and Jazz at The Bull’s Head．

　　　 B．The sing-along at The Black Horse and Folk Music at The Derby Arms．

　　　 C．Folk Music at The Derby Arms and Heavy Music with Tony Simon at The Bull．

　　　 D．Musical Hal lat The Star ＆Garter and Disco at The Lord Napier．

Section A

Directions:　 For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D． Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context．

In the United Kingdom the institution responsible for making laws, discussing major issues ___50____ the country and raising taxes is called Parliament．The three parts of Parliament, the sovereign (= the king or queen), the House of Lords and the House of commons, meet together only on special ___51____．Although the agreement of all three is required for laws ___52____, that of the king or queen is now given without question．

Parliament comes from “parley”, a discussion．The word was first used in the 13th century to __53__ meetings between Henry III and his noblemen in the Great Council． At that time, the king used his and his noblemen’s money to ___54___ government and war．Several kings found that they did not have enough money, and so they called together ___55___ from the counties and towns of England to ask them to ___56___ increased taxes．Over time, the Great Council became the House of Lords, and the people from the counties and towns became the House of Commons．___57___, the king needed only the support of his councilors to pass a law, but by the end of the 15th century members of the House of Commons were taking part in the ___58___ process．．

Control of the money supply by the House of Lords and the House of Commons make it difficult for the sovereign to ___59____ Parliament’s wishes．Ministers were appointed by the sovereign but they needed support in the House of Commons to be able to pass laws and raise taxes．The ___60___ of political parties during the 18th century gave them the ___61___ to obtain that support．The involvement of the sovereign in policy-making and administration was gradually ___62___, leaving government in the hands of a cabinet, presided over (= be in the charge of) by a prime minister．___63___ the 19th century, the Government has been the party with the most members in the House of Commons, and the ___64___ of that party has been the Prime Minister．

50．A．affecting 　　　　　　 B．effecting 　　　　　　 C．destroying　　　　　 D．realizing

51．A．situations 　　　　　 B．consequences 　　 C．occasions 　　　　　 D．cases

52．A．passed　　　　　　　　 B．being passed 　　　 C．to pass 　　　　　　　 D．to be passed

53．A．detect 　　　　　　　　 B．describe 　　　　　　 C．compose　　　　　　 D．interpret

54．A．share with　　　　　 B．offer to　　　　　　　 C．pay for 　　　　　　　 D．take up

55．A．representatives　　 B．symbols 　　　　　　 C．protesters　　　　　　 D．reminders

56．A．confess　　　　　　　 B．approve　　　　　　　 C．achieve 　　　　　　　 D．consider

57．A．Inevitably 　　　　　 B．Eventually 　　　　　 C．Presently 　　　　　 D．Originally

58．A．peace-loving 　　　 B．law-making　　　　　 C．law-defending　　　 D．war-deciding

59．A．ignore　　　　　　　　 B．confirm　　　　　　　 C．account for　　　　 D．transform into

60．A．decline 　　　　　　　 B．failure 　　　　　　　　 C．decrease　　　　　　　 D．rise

61．A．directions 　　　　　 B．hope　　　　　　　　　 C．means 　　　　　　　 D．power

62．A．conducted 　　　　 B．reduced 　　　　　　 C．declined 　　　　　　 D．rejected

63．A．Before　　　　　　　　 B．After 　　　　　　　　 C．Since 　　　　　　　　 D．Until

64．A．leader　　　　　　　　　 B．candidate 　　　　　 C．applicant　　　　　　 D．advisor

Section B

Directions: Read the following four passages．Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read．

(A)

In the earliest stages of man’s development he had no more need of money than animals have．He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him．As he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands．For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters．It was then that the question of payment arose．

At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange．The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough．But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market, exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory．Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather, or iron, but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready．

　Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degrees to the invention of money．In some countries easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and the farmer, instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giving him some meat or grain, gave him so many shells．If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food, he could get stocks of the raw materials of his trade．In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flat stones were used for trade．Later, pieces of metal, bearing values according to the rarity of the metal and the size of the pieces, or coins were used．Money as we know it had arrived．

65．Exchange of goods became difficult because _________．

　A．man became more civilized

　B．smiths began to look after land or cattle in their spare time

　C．more and more goods which had no fixed exchange values came to the market

　D．farmers hadn’t enough grain or meat to provide for skilled workers

66．Money was not used until _______．

　A．paper was invented

　B．people practiced a simple process of exchange

　C．nothing could be offered in exchange

　D．the exchange of one thing for another became too complicated

67．The best title for this passage is _____．

　　　 A．What is money　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．What are money’s functions．

　　　 C．The importance of money　　　　　　　　　　 D．The beginning of money

There are two principal household insurance policies---building insurance and contents．Neither is strictly compulsory but both are more or less ___41___．

　　 Building insurance protects the bricks and mortar of your home and any fitted fixtures within, such as bathroom fittings and built-in cupboards．If the property is damaged by flood, fire or various other perils, the policy pays for repairs．

When you arrange building insurance you need to decide on a “sum assured”．This is the amount the insurance company would pay out if your home were destroyed．It should be the best ___42___ of the rebuilding costs and not the market value of the property．You can find out the correct sum assured from the survey when you bought your house．But make sure it is ___43____ regularly to take into ___44____ rising prices．

　 Most mortgage lenders make buildings insurance a condition for the loan．They will also try to sell you their own policy--- and ____45____ you if you buy cover elsewhere．

　　 Lenders are ___46____ within their rights to charge an “administration fee”(usually ￡25) if borrowers make their own arrangements．

　　 Building insurance is a competitive market and the competition is ___47____ prices down．There are hundreds of product providers to choose from．Banks, building societies, insurance companies that sell direct are all keen to ___48____ your premiums(保险费)．

With home contents insurance, you also need to decide on a sum assured．You should make a list of all your belongings and the cost of their replacements．

But remember that if you underestimate to keep the premium down, you may find that you have much great difficulty___49____ your loss．

40．Botanists are not sure where the first plant was grown or even ________．

　　　 A．what plant was　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．it was what plant　

　　　 C．what plant was it　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．what plant it was

Section B　

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box．Each word can only be used once．　 Note that there is one word more than you need．

A．estimate　　　　　　　　　　 B．penalize　　　　　　　 C．driving　　　　　　　　 D．account

E．covering　　　　　　　　　　 F．pocket　　　　　　　　 G．perfectly　　　　　　 H．essential

39．A theme park featuring Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales will be built and open to public in Shanghai during the World Expo, which is ________ on May 1 next year in the city．

　　　 A．scheduling to start　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．scheduled to start

　　　 C．starting 　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．to being started

38．______, we still can’t decide whether to buy it now．

　　　 A．Low-priced as the air conditioner is　　　

　　　 B．As the air conditioner is low-priced

　　　 C．The air conditioner is low-priced　　　　　

　　　 D．As low-priced as the air conditioner is

37．As is known to all, 　　　Yang Liwei has become a space hero is　　　 　we have expected．

　　　 A．that; which　　　　　 B．what; that　　　　　　 C．what; which　　　　 D．that; what