12、非持/延续性（短暂性、终止性）动词变为持续性动词的方法

非持续性动词

持续性动词

例     句

come/go

be at/in

I came here two days ago.

I have been here for two days.

arrive/reach

be

He arrived here yesterday.

He has been here for two days.

begin/start

be on

The film began five minutes ago.

The film has been on for five minutes.

borrow

keep

He borrowed the book last Sunday.

He has kept the book since last Sunday.

buy

have

My brother bought his book two days ago.

My brother has had his book for two days.

close

be closed

The shop closed three days ago.

The shop has been closed for three days.

die

be dead

His grandpa died two years ago.

His grandpa has been dead for two years.

get up

be up

He got up two hours ago.

He has been up for two hours.

join

be(in)

11．用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词

动词（短语）

短语形式

例   句

说   明

ask,order,send,teach,tell,

want,wish,would like

+ sb. to do sth.

I’d like your parents to come over to my home.

Do you want me to help you?

这些动词后面只能接动词不定式作宾语补足语。

believe,know,think

understand,feel

+ sb. to be

I believe the story to be true.

动词不定式to be可以省略

类  别

单 词

短 语 形 式

释 义

感官动词

hear

hear sb. do sth.

听到某人做了某事

see

see sb. do sth.

看见某人做了某事

watch

watch sb. do sth.

观看某人做了某事

find

find sb. do sth.

发现某人做了某事

feel

feel sb. do sth.

感觉某人做了某事

使役动词

make

make sb. do sth.

使（让）某人做某事

let

let sb. do sth.

让某人做某事

其    他

help

help sb. do sth.

帮助某人做某事

10、用动词不定式作宾语的动词

动词（短语）

短语形式

例   句

说   明

ask,decide,hope,want,agree

choose,wish,would like

+ to do sth.

Would you like to have some tea,please?

这些动词后只能接动词不定式作宾语

learn,hate,like,love,prefer

begin,start

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.)

I like singing,but now I don’t like to sing.

这些动词在接不定式或动词-ing时，意义差别不大。

try,forget,remember,stop

go on

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.)

Please remember to lock the door.

这些动词在接不定式或动词-ing时，意义差别很大。

help

+ to do sth.

(+do sth.)

Kate usually helps (to) do some housework at home on Sunday

help后的to可以省略，意义相同

need

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.

You need to go home quickly.

Your shoes need mending

need后接动词不定式时，表示主动意义；后接动词的-ing形式时，表示被动意义。

ask,choose,decide,forget,

know,learn,see,show,teach

tell,understand,find out

疑问词+ to do sth.

I don’t know how to answer this question.

疑问词why没有此用法，不定式的逻辑主语常为句中主语。

        9.跟动词+ing形式作宾语的动词和动词短语

动词（短语）

短 语 形 式

释     义

enjoy

enjoy doing sth.

喜欢做某事

finish

finish doing sth.

完成做某事

keep

keep(sb.)doing sth.

（让某人）一直做某事

stop

stop doing sth.

停止做某事

go on

go on doing sth.

继续做某事

be busy

be busy doing sth.

忙着做某事

like

like doing sth.

喜欢做某事

hear

hear sb. doing sth.

听到某人正做某事

see

see sb. doing sth.

看见某人正做某事

find

find sb. doing sth

发现某人正做某事

watch

watch sb. doing sth.

观看某人正做某事

spend

spend time/money (in) doing sth.

花费钱/时间做某事

go

go doing sth.

去做某事

8．had better的用法

had better“最好”后只接动词原形。其否定式应在之后加not。

You had better have a rest.

You had better not talk in class.

7．Used to和be/get used to

（1）used to过去常常（现在已不如此），to是不定式符号，后接动词原形，构成否定式和疑问式时可借助助动词did或直接用used作助动词。

He used to smoke.

He usedn’t/didn’t use to come

You used to go there,usedn’t /didn’t you ?

Did you use to be a teacher.?

（2）be used to“习惯于……”其中to是介词，其后要接名词或动名词，不能接动词原形。有时为强调从不习惯到习惯的过程，可用get used to

She is used to getting up early .

You’ll soon get used to the food here.

6.should表示“应当”

We should help others when they are in trouble.

You shouldn’t eat too much rich food.

5．can , may表推测“可能”,must表推测“一定”“肯定”

(1)can表推测“可能”,只能用于疑问句中或否定句中。

Can it be true?    It can’t be true.

(2)may表推测“可能”主要用于肯定句中或否定句中。

You may be right.   He may be ill.

(3)must表推测“一定”“肯定”通常只用于肯定句中，在否定句或疑问句中用can代之。

The door is open.He must be at home.

It must be true.

注意：must表推测，用于反意疑问句时，该句助动词不能用，而是根据其后动词的形式来决定。

It must still be there,isn’t it?

He must have gone home,hasn’t he ?

4.need的用法

（1）need作为情态动词，表示“需要”、“必须”。主要用于疑问句和否定句中，较少用于肯定句。

You needn’t hurry.There’s a little time to go .

Need I come on Sunday ?Yes,I’m afraid you must. No,you needn’t

（2）need作为实义动词既可用于否定句、疑问句、又可用于肯定句，其后可跟名词、代词、不定式；当主语是物时，后跟动名词，主动形式表被动意义。

We need some help.

I don’t need things like that.

You need to buy a computer.

Your shoes need cleaning.=Your shoes need to be cleaned.

Our classroom needs repairing.=Our classroom needs to be repaired

3.must的用法

（1）    表示“必须”“应该”

否定式“must not/mustn’t”表示“不应该”“不准”等。在回答带有must的问句时，否定式常用needn’t或don’t have to ，而不用mustn’t。

The work must be finished as soon as possible.

You mustn’t speak like that.

Must I be home before eight o’clock?

Yes,you must.No,you needn’t./No,you don’t have to.

(2) must和 have to

must和have to都可以表示必须，但must表示说话人的主观看法，have to表示客观需要。must只有现在时，要表示过去时和将来时需要用had to和will have to .

I must go now.

I have to go now.

The room is dirty.I have to clean it now.

You don’t have to worry about that.

The students will have to know how to use the computer.