6.more /less than及其相关结构

第一类

①more than+具体数字=over：多于、超过……

He spoke English more than two years.(两年多)

more than+名词/动词/形容词/副词：不仅仅

China Daily is more than a newspaper and it can also help us learn English.

②not more than：不超过……，顶多……=at most

There were not more than 70 women in the store then.(不足70个女性)

③no more than：仅仅，只不过

The theater was no more than a painted barn.

这戏院只不过是漆了油漆的库房而已(没什么大不了的)。

④less than：少于、不足……

Their car broke down where they drove less than five miles.(不到五英里)

less than+名词/形容词：仅仅

He is less than pleased to have visitors.

⑤not less than：……以上，至少……=at least

He has not less than 2oo dollars.(至少200美元)

⑥no less than：不会少于……，与……一样，简直就……

It is no less than robbery to ask me for so much.

要我这么多钱，简直跟抢劫没有两样。

第二类

①more+形容词/副词/名词+than：比……更……

I have found that he is a more efficient worker than any other one. ②more…than…：与其……不如……

He is not more an artist than a philosopher. 与其说他是位艺术家，不如说他是位哲学家。

③not more…than…：不如……，不及……

You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔细。

She was not more pleased than I was.她不及我开心。

④no+比较级+than：仅仅…..，最多……，只不过……，和……一样不

This kind of plant grows no higher than one inch.

这种植物最多长到一英寸。

The officials could see no more than the Emperor.

官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。

He is no more a good player than I am.

他和我一样都不是好球员(他也好不到哪里去)。

⑤less+形容词/副词/名than：比……更少，不如……

Jane is less beautiful than Suan.

He is less slow than lazy at his work.=He is more lazy than slow at his work.

⑥not less…than：不比……少，不亚于……

She is not less charming than her daughter.她跟她女儿一样有魅力。

⑦no less…than：不会比……差，正如……一样”

A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is.海豚不会比狗笨吧！

5.由as/so组成的形容词或副词短语

①as much as + 不可数名词：多达

Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.

②as many as + 可数名词：多达

I have as a many as sixteen reference books.

③as early as：早在

As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.

④as far as：远到；就……而知(论)

We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.

As far as I know(就我所知)，he has been there before.

⑤may (might, could)as well：不妨、不如

Then you might as well stay with us here.

⑥as … as can be：到了最……的程度，极其

They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。

⑦as … as one can：尽其所能

He began to run, as fast as he could.

⑧as … as possible：尽可能

Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.

4.形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况

①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词；

②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”；

He is a most clever young policeman.(most=very)

The film is most interesting.(most=very)

③as+形容词+a+单数名词；

This is as good an example as the other is. ④表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加the；

who is the older of the tow boys?

⑤在“the + 比较级…，the + 比较级…”结构中；

⑥在same前一般要加the；

⑦What +a/an+形容词+单数可数名词=How+形容词+ a/an+单数可数名词

What an interesting film it is！=How interesting a film it is!

⑧so和such的用法

so +　 形容词 / 副词 + 　that …

so + 形容词 + a(n)+ 单数可数名词 + that …

so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …

such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …

such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …

such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …

下列词组中为什么只能用so不可用such？

so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。

因为名词受many、much、little、few等表示“多或少”意义的词修饰。

下列这句中such用得对不对？(对)。为什么？

These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.

因为little在这儿表示“小”，而不是表示“少”的意思。

下列so的用法是错误的：so difficult problems, so hot weather

为什么？因为problems是复数，weather是不可数名词。

⑧有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。

3.最高级的用法

①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the +最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比

较范围的介词短语；

Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.

He works(the)hardest in his class.

②最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like

等词语所修饰；

This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.

③表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也没有比较级。

④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略；

He is the tallest(boy)in his class.

⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。

Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.

2.比较级的用法

①双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+than”的结构表示；

This picture is more beautiful than that one.

注意：

▲比较对象的一致性

请看下面这道选择题：

The weather in China is different from__　　　　 __.

A. in America　　　　 B. one in America　　　　 C. America　　　　 D. that in America

本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。

▲要避免将主语包含在比较对象中

(错)China is larger than any country in Asia.

(对)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

▲注意比较对象的省略或隐藏：有时省略或不点明被比较的对象，而是通过语境来暗示被比较的对象。

请看下面这两道选择题：

If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.

A. the happiest time　 B. a more happier time　 C. much happiest time　 D. a much happier time

本题将比较的对象隐藏在虚拟条件句中，即：与没有考试的时候相比。本题答案选D。

I don’t think this film is by far the most boring.I have seen____________.

A. better　　 　　　B. worse　　　　　　　 C. the best　　　　　 D. the worst

由前文“我认为这部电影不是最没趣的”可知，“我看过(比这部)更差的电影”，省略了than this one。本题答案是B。

It takes a long time to go there by train; it's ________by road. A. quick　　　　　 B. the quickest　　　　 C. much quick　　　　 D. quicker

由语境可知，句末省略了than by train，用比较级。本题答案是D。

②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less+原级+than”的结构表示；

This room is less beautiful than that one.

③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰；

He works even harder than before.

注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中

间加“the”。

He is taller by far than his brother.

He is by far the taller of the two brothers.

④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the +比较级(主语+谓语)，the +比较级(主语+谓语)”

的结构(意为“越……越……”)；

The harder he works, the happier he feels.

⑤不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级+ and+比较级”的结构；

The weather is getting colder and colder.

The girl becomes more and more beautiful.

⑥某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior(劣等的，次的)、superior(较

好的，优于……)、junior(资历较浅的)、senior(资格较老的)、prior(在……之前)等；

He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.

⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词；

The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.

A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.

⑧否定词+比较级

该结构用否定形式表示肯定意义。要掌握该结构的用法，须注意以下几点：

▲该结构多为“can't ／couldn't +比较级”的形式 I can't agree with you more.我再同意你的意见不过了。(或：我完全同意你的意见。)

The weather couldn't be worse.天气再糟糕不过了。 He couldn't have done better.他做得再好不过了。

▲用于该结构中的否定词除了not之外，还有no，never，nothing等 This could give her no greater pleasure.这使她再高兴不过了。 There's nothing cheaper.这东西再便宜不过了。

There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life for his friends.

为朋友而放弃生命的爱是最伟大的爱。

▲当该结构中的比较级为less时，其意义为“一点也不”

试比较：He couldn't care more.他非常介意。(或：他最关心不过了。)

He couldn't care less.他毫不介意。(或：他最漠不关心了。)

注意：反过来用肯定形式表示否定意义。这种用法主要见于：

▲know better than+不定式。这种结构意为“不至于”

You have a better command of French than to make such mistakes.

你的法语较好，不至于犯这样的错误。

He is more experienced than to do such a thing.

他比较有经验，不至于做这样的事。

▲more than…can。这种句型形式上是肯定，实际上有否定含义

The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear.

街上的男孩变得非常无礼,到了人所不能忍受的地步。

The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.

那地方美得无法形容。

⑨倍数表达法

▲A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.

The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.

这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)/这座新楼比那座旧楼大(高)三倍。

▲A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.

Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。

▲A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.

Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。

用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.

形容词、副词有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级，其构成形式如下：

规则变化：单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级

不规则变化

注意：many,old和far比较级及最高级用法的区别

①如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。

②old有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。 My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

③far有两种比较级，farther，further..在英语中两者都可指距离。 在美语中，father表示距离，further表示进一步 I have nothing further to say.

1.原级的用法

表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as)+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数+ as+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构。

Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.

This building looks not so (as)high as that one.

Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .

This room is three times as large as that one.

象get,grow,become,feel,appear,prove ,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,go,turn,remain等这些动词既可以用作为实义动词又可以用作连系动词，因而要根据上下文语境判断究竟是什么性质的动动词才能正确解题。

请看下面这道选择题：

▲We don't care if a hunting dog smells_____,but we really don't want him to smell_____. A. well; well　　　 B. bad; badly　　　 C. well; badly　　　 D. badly; bad

第一个“smell”是“闻起来”的意思，是连系动词，用形容词。第二个“smell”是实义动词，用副词来修饰；此外well作形容词是表示人身体好、气色好，用在此句中不行，只能作副词用。答案是B。句意是：“我们不在乎猎狗闻起来难闻，但是我们确实不希望它的嗅觉力差。

2.形容词作伴随状语和原因状语

He spent 7days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry.

他在风雪中度过了7天，又冷又饿。 She stared into the distance, speechless for a long time.

她盯着远处看，好长时间不讲话。

Afraid of being caught，the thief hid himself under a bed.

因为害怕被抓，这个小偷藏在床下面。

1.形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种情况，须牢记：

①几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：

限定语(The、A)+ 描绘性形容词 + size(大小)+ shape(形状)+ age(年龄、时间)+ color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+名词；

a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,

the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings

熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。

②形容词短语作定语，定语后置；

a language difficult to master,

a leaning tower about 180 feet high

This is a student worth of praise.

They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern.

③表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语，定语后置；

a man alive：活着的人

有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”；

④形容词作定语修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置；

I have something important to tell you.

⑤enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置；

⑥else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语；

⑦几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间；

⑧频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后，行为动词前；

⑨副词作定语，定语后置；

The person there is waiting for you.

⑩复合形容词常用作定语，个别也可以作表语。

He was a 12-year-old boy.

He is good-natured.

复合形容词的构成：

▲形容词+名词-ed：kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的

▲形容词+形容词：red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的

▲形容词+现在分词：good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的

▲副词+现在分词：hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的

▲副词+过去分词：hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的

▲名词+形容词：life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的

▲名词+现在分词：peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的

▲名词+过去分词：snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的

▲数词+名词 + ed：four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的

▲数词+名词(名词用单数)：ten-year 10年的, two-man两人的

23．X、Y、Z是3种短周期元素，其中X、Y位于同一主族，Y、Z处于同一周期。X原子最外层电子数是其电子层数的3倍，Z原子的核外电子总数比Y原子少1个，下列说法正确的是

　　 A．元素非金属性由强到弱的顺序为：Z>Y>X

　　 B．Y元素最高价氧化物对应水化物的化学式可表示为H₂YO₄

　　 C．3种元素的气态氢化物中，Z的气态氢化物最稳定

　　 D．原子半径由大到小的顺序为Z>Y>X

第Ⅱ卷　 化学部分(本卷共4题，共64分)