4．【三字经】旧时广泛使用的蒙学课本。相传为宋代王应麟撰，明清学者陆续增补，至清初的本子为一千一百四十字。内容从阐述教育的重要性开始，进而依次讲述名物常识、经书子书、历史知识及古人勤学的故事等。全部用三言韵语，便于儿童诵读。句法灵活丰富，语言通俗易懂。自编成后广为流传，一直使用至清末民初。

3．【六经】指的是六部儒家经典，即在“五经”外，另加《乐经》。也有称“六经”为“六艺”的，韩愈《师说》中的“六艺经传皆通习之”中的“六艺”即“六经”。

2．【五经】《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《春秋》五部儒家经典的简称，始称于汉武帝时。其中存有中国古代丰富的历史资料，是封建时代教育的必读教科书，并被统治阶级作为宣传宗法封建思想的理论依据。

1．【四书】《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》的合称。宋人抽出《礼记》中的《大学》《中庸》两篇，与《论语》《孟子》配合，至南宋淳熙间，朱熹撰《四书章句集注》，“四书”之名由此而定。此后，“四书”始终是我国封建社会正统教育的必读书和科举取士的初级标准书。

（二）社会生活问题
1．好词
（1）Population explosion/baby boom             
（2）Population census
（3）Birth/death rate                           
（4）Family planning
（5）Suicide bombing                          
（6）Dropout students
（7）Eliminate illiteracy                     
（8）Help those in distress and aid those in peril   
 （9）Poverty-stricken areas                     
（10）Remote and mountain areas
（11）Shake off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity
（12）Brain drain                               （13）Corruption phenomenon
（14）Offer and take bribes                       （15）Embezzle pubic funds
（16）Counterfeit certificates                      （17）Counterfeit currency/ID card
（18）Credit card fraud                          （19）Fake commodities
（20）Vending machine                          （21）Generation gap
（22）Couch potato                               （23）Keep a concubine/mistress
（24）Casino/gambling                            （25）Go on a diet
（26）Well-balanced meals
（27）Enjoy banquets using public funds              （28）Bad construction projects
（29）Suspend/discontinue a project
（30）Welfare-oriented public housing distribution system
（31）High-rise apartment building
（32）Down payment (by monthly installments)
（33）Juvenile delinquency                         （34）Laid-off workers
（35）Trial-period
（36）On-the-job training/professional training
（37）Reemployment project                        （38）U.N. Security Council
（39）Government-funded personnel studying abroad
（40）Racial/sex discrimination                      （41）Traffic jam/road congestion
（42）Drunk driving                               （43）Violation of traffic regulations
（44）Hit-and-run accident                          （45）Rush/peak hour
（46）Security personnel                           （47）Spokesman for news release
（48）Press conference                             （49）Globalization
（50）Intellectual property right                        （51）Infringement on the patent right
（52）Bid for the Olympic Games                    （53）Sports lottery
（54）Live broadcast                               （55）Frozen food
（56）Preservation of cultural relics                      
（57）Change from temporary to regular worker
（58）Body-building exercises                       （59）Bungee jumping
（60）Permanent residence certificate                  （61）Euthanasia
（62）Drug addition                                （63）AIDS disease
（64）Campus violence                             （65）Child abuse
（66）Kidnap/blackmail
2．佳句
（1）More and more people come to realize the importance of regular physical exercise.
（2）We must struggle against our own laziness and stay with our training, rain or shine.（风雨无阻）
（3）Maintaining our health is very important. No one should trifle with his health.
 
（4）Physical exercise increases the appetite and favors digestion. It increases the circulation of the blood. Physical exercise can develop one’s self-confidence, judgment, and a strong will.
（5）Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. (Benjamin Franklin)
（6）A sound mind is in a sound body.
（7）Taking part in sports and games will keep us fit and healthy.
（8）Proper sports activities help us strengthen our physical body and build our sense of competition and cooperation.
（9）Research shows that getting plenty of exercise makes heart beat faster and lung work harder, thus strengthening the heart and reducing the chance of heart attack, and helping to lower blood pressure.
（10）For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of sport is especially useful.
（11）Once a habit is formed, it is difficult and sometimes impossible to shake it off.
（12）It is easier to fall into bad habits than to get into good ones.
（13）Many successful men declare that they own much of their prosperity to the formation of certain good habits in early life, such as punctuality, early rising, honesty, and thoroughness.
（14）The eating habits of Chinese people have changed dramatically in the past decade.
（15）People begin to eat less grain, but more fruit and vegetables. Fresh fruit and vegetables are rich in carbohydrate（碳水化合物）, vitamins and minerals.
（16）People now pay much attention to nutrition, so they choose to eat meat and drink milk.
（17）Fish and chicken contain more protein and less fat.
（18）The issue of re-employment is of vital importance to the country’s reform, development and stability.
（19）Some statistics indicate that trained workers are three times as likely to be re-employed as those who haven’t participated in any training programs.
（20）A re-employment-oriented training network should be formed immediately to cover as many laid-off workers as possible to enhance their abilities to face challenges.
（21）Its no shame to earn bread with one’s own hands no matter what kind of work he does, but it’s a disgrace to idle along with folded arms and wait until financial aid arrives.
（22）China is undergoing a period of transition from a socialist planned economy to a socialist market economy.
（23）The government is supposed to issue more beneficial policies to help the lay-offs out of difficulty.
（24）Everyone desires and pursues happiness. But happiness means different things to different people.
（25）I’ll be happy if I can realize my value in my future career and make some contribution to the development of our country. （26）Happiness also means being on good term with my colleagues and friends.
（27）The only ones who will be really happy are those who will have sought and found how to serve the people.
（28）Happiness lies first of all in health.
（29）Happiness is always abounded from hard work.
 
（30）Happiness consists in contentment.
（31）Every generation has its own view of life and value system, which results from its living circumstances.
（32）As long as different generations can understand each other and avoid foisting their own views and values on others, there will be fewer conflicts and more harmony between the generations.
（33）The old assume that they know best, but it is only a matter of experience.
（34）The young know how to enjoy work and leisure and not to be inhibited.（约束）
（35）Children often complain that their parents cannot understand them, while parents feel sorry that their children seldom show them proper respect and obedience.
（36）Children should respect their parents and be aware that what their parents do is for their good.
（37）As reformation goes deeper in China, civil servants no longer have “iron rice bowls” as they used to have in many places.
（38）Whatever we do, we should do in our power.（尽力而为）
（39）To make a wise choice of occupations, two important things should be taken into consideration. One is the interest, the other, the demand of the people and society.
（40）It is definitely true that behind every daily activity lies a motive. As a matter of fact, we can achieve nothing without a realistic goal.
（41）Everybody should have a goal in his life, because aimless life wastes our energy and time.
（42）Whatever goal you might have, the primarily important thing you should have in life is health.
（43）It is universally true that everyone needs good health. With our society becoming more competitive, it is important to stay healthy.
（44）For one thing, people with good health can do work with full energy and their excellence in work in turn contributes to their health and happiness. For another, an unhealthy person is seldom able to show interest in everything around him and therefore he loses many opportunities to achieve success.
（45）Generally speaking, those who have good motives do their duties well. For example, parents work hard from early morning till late at night because they want to support their families. Students study diligently either to rank top in their class or to be prepared for their future success.
（46）On the other hand, people do things evil because they have evil goals. For instance, the motive for getting money without hard work makes a pickpocket steal a purse. To fulfill his evil desire, a robber grab others’ belongings, and a murderer can kill an innocent person. These wicked motives are the kind that people need to get rid of because they hurt others.
（47）It is often easier to have ideals than to carry them out.
（48）Effort and persistence are necessary for the realization of ideals.
（49）Once the goal is determined, we must create opportunities to reach it. Work hard and be patient after your goal is set. Try your best to make your life happen in the way you wish to see it. It is those who set the right goal and stick to it long enough will finally achieve it.
（50）Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. When ideals are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live.（虽生犹死）

2．佳句
（1）Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.
（2）Villagers are as a rule healthier than people who live in towns. One reason for this is that country air is fresher than the air in smoky cities.
（3）Most of the noise in the city comes from traffic, factories and construction sites.
 
（4）There is an increasingly loud voice from the public calling for firm action against pollution.
（5）Scientists have warned that unless effective solutions are worked out, the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand.
（6）Many factories discharge enormous harmful chemicals into air and rivers every day.
（7）To kill insects, farmers use a large amount of insecticides so as to have a bumper harvest. As a result, they pollute the air, water and land.
（8）The gas from car engines is very poisonous. It is a main source of air pollution in cities.
（9）Deforestation result in the increase of global temperature and unpleasant change of climate.
（10）The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generation.
（11）Beijing now has become one of the most polluted cities in the world. Among the 10 cities with the worst air pollution in the world last year, Beijing was the third most polluted city.
（12）If the city had not plagued by poor quality air, the annual death rate in Beijing would have been 4 percent lower in past three years, according to the research done jointly by Beijing Medical University and Harvard University.
（13）Beijing consumes 2.8 million tons of coal each year, of which 75 percent are low-grade coal.
（14）To make room for those buildings, trees are being cut down, grass plots occupied. Cities look like nothing but grey concrete woods.
（15）Modern cities should be expanding with a certain percentage for green-plant areas.
（16）We must begin now to protect our only earth.
（17）Almost everything we use daily comes from the land directly or indirectly.
（18）But the limited land is decreasing at a surprising speed.
（19）The nature has given us so much, but looks at what we have done in return for its generosity.
（20）The ozone layer is our natural shield in the sky, but this shield is in great danger due to human activities. To protect the ozone layer is to protect us.
（21）Depleting the ozone layer allows more UV-B to reach the earth, which means more skin cancers, more eye cataracts（白内障），weakened immune systems, and reduced plant yield.
（22）The nature has been irritated, which results in the shortage of valuable resources, air pollution, countless acres of lands becoming deserts, etc.
（23）Fortunately, many countries have got to know the seriousness of the problem and take active measures to preserve the environment.
（24）We sincerely hope that all the people in the world will take part in the campaign and join hands to protect the nature.
（25）Besides, trees and lawns in our cities will in the long run help improve the local climate.
（26）The government should also spend more money on the preservation of current lawns and cultivation of new lawns.
（27）Chinese government has taken strict measures to stop careless and indiscriminate felling of trees.
 
（28）Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in environmental protection today.
（29）The government should let people full realize the importance of environmental protection through education.
（30）Cars should be equipped with special devices to reduce auto emission.
（31）Farmers can utilize modern biological techniques instead of chemical fertilizers to grow crops.
（32）Desert can be turned into cultivated land by a certain kind of shrub.
（33）Recycling of paper, steel and plastics is important for helping protect our environment.
（34）The city was beautified on a tremendous scale.
（35）Energy crisis will threaten our existence because of the people’s extravagance and the rapid growth of he population.
（36）It is imperative that we investigate and develop new sources of energy immediately.
（37）With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.
（38）We have a great need for energy because of the rapid growth of our economy.
（39）These rich energy resources are being used up rapidly.
（40）To avoid energy crisis in the future, we should take some actions.
（41）The overuse of energy has influenced ecological balance.
（42）The development of modern life is placing and ever increasing demand for electricity.
（43）If there were no energy, our world would be in a state of confusion.
（44）Protecting endangered species helps protect a healthy environment. Endangered species are nature’s early warning system for pollution and environmental degradation that may someday affect human health.（濒危物种是大自然的关于污染和环境恶化的早期警戒系统，污染和环境恶化有朝一日会影响人类的健康。）
（45）Protecting endangered species saves a part of nature for our children and grandchildren to enjoy.
（46）Protecting endangered species helps protect sustainable economies and a good quality of life. Endangered species of fish, wildlife and plants are of ecological, educational, historical, recreational and scientific value to the nations and their people.
（47）All of the living creatures, including humans, are part of a complex, delicately balanced network called the biosphere.
（48）No creature exists in isolation. The removal of a single species can set off a chain reaction affecting many others.
（49）It is estimated that about 12,000 Tibetan antelopes are killed each year. If this trend continues, this species will be extinct in two decades.
（50）A healthy environment for wildlife contributes to healthy environment for people, today and tomorrow.

34．（8分）某校的研究性学习小组通过研究发现了苹果的甜度和其电阻有一定关系，并初步得到了一种鉴别苹果甜度的方法．以下是该研究小组的研究过程和成果．请你在划线处完成填空，或根据提问作出问答．

(1)苹果电阻的测量．

我们知道干燥的苹果表面覆盖有一层绝缘的蜡质物．研究小组在探索中意外发现苹果的柄和苹果顶部向内凹进的部分竟然是导电的，好象两个天然的电极．请用笔画线代替导线，在图中完成测量苹果电阻的实验电路．

 (2)探究影响苹果电阻的因素．

有同学在研究中提出：苹果的电阻不仅与苹果的甜度有关，还可能与苹果的不规则形状有关．为此，他们共设计了如下两个实验方案，经过讨论选择了一种方案进行实验．你认为实验小组选择了哪一种方案，为什么？

（A）对同一苹果外围进行不同程度的切削，并测出加相同电压下的电流；

（B）选择相同甜度、不同形状的苹果进行测量，并测出加相同电压下的电流；

该小组所选的方案为                                               _；

选择的原因是                                                      ．

该小组用他们所选的正确方案进行了正确的实验操作，发现，每次给苹果加16V的电压后，测出的电流表的示数都为145μA，通过分析他们的实验数据可以得出的结论是                                                    ．

 (3)探究通过苹果的电流与苹果汁中糖浓度的关系．

研究小组用甜度不同的苹果来进行实验（实验中所用的苹果事先由专业人员测量出了甜度），每次都给苹果加24V的电压，测出通过苹果的电流，最终得到了下表的实验数据：

 电压/V

24

24

24

24

24

24

电流/μA

10

50

120

180

240

320

糖浓度/（mg/ml）

32

40

54

66

78

94

①分析实验数据可以初步得出的结论是：苹果越甜，其电阻越_________．

②请你根据图象和表格中的数据，归纳出加24V电压时，电流（用I表示，单位μA）与糖浓度（用P表示，单位mg/ml）的关系可表达为                  ；如果糖浓度达80 mg/ml已感到甜了，那么给苹果加30V的电压时，测量苹果中有300μA的电流，这个苹果是              （选填“甜”或“不甜”）．

（2）如果空油箱的质量为5.8kg，油量表指针指向2×10^-2m³时，电路中电流是多少？

若电源电压为6V，压力传感器R的上表面面积为5cm²，汽油热值为4.6×10⁷J/kg，汽油密度为0.71×10³kg/m³.请回答：

（1）当油与箱总重为600N时，压力传感器R受到的压强是多大？