3. Not all ads are used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits.

并非所有的广告都被用来推动产品的销量，或增加公司的利润。

Not all=all not 并非所有的(部分否定)，此句也可写为：

All ads are not used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits. all的全部否定为none或nothing

No one.类似的还有both, each, not both(each)=both(each)

Not均为部分否定，both全部否定为neither, each全部否定为none, no one, nothing。如：

Not all the students smoke=All the students don’t smoke

并非所有的学生都吸烟。

None of us like that song我们一个也不喜欢那首歌。

2．It has been proven again and that frequent advertising increases product sales.

事实已经一次次地证明经常做广告增加了产品的销售量。

It is (has been) proven 已被证明(后接that句)

It has been proven that more than 2000 people died in the war

已经被证实多于2000人死亡于这场战争。

类似表达有：It is / was hoped / said / announced / reported that……

人们希望/据说/已宣布/已报导……

It is said that the girl had been badly treated while

shopping yesterday=The girl is said to have been badly……

It is hoped that we’ll have a brighter future.

It was announced that Russia sent up another man-made satellite.

1．You think the newspaper is to blame for this because…

　　　 你认为因为这件事报社应受责备……

　　　 注意to blame =should be blamed 应受责备。如：

　　　 Who is to blame for breaking the window?

　　　 谁应为打破窗子而受责？

3．set off, set out与set about

(1)set off有“启程；出发”的意思，还可作“引起；使爆炸”解(例略)

(2)set out的意思是“开始；着手”后常接动词不定式。

如：

He set out to paint the whole house.他开始着手粉刷房子内外。

(3)set about的意思也是“开始；着手”但常接动名词作宾语。

如：

　　　 She set about doing some cleaning after breakfast.她用过早餐后立即着手打扫卫生。

2．spend, cost, pay, charge与offer

这几个词都表示“花费(金钱)”，但用法不一样。

(1)cost是以“物，事”为主语，常用于sth. cost (sb.) some money结构。

The cost cost her 20 yuan.这件外衣花了她20元。

注意：cost无被动语态。

(2)pay用于付款给别人，付一个帐单或者付几笔款项等，它是及物动词，宾语可以是“人”或“钱”的名词或代词。

Yesterday he paid the money he owed.他昨天还清了欠账。

(3)charge指收取别人多少钱，主语为人或旅馆等。

The hotel charged me ￡10 for a room for the night.

那家旅馆一间房一晚向我收费10英镑。

(4)offer出价，开价；提供，出售，“人”作主语。

We offered him the house for ￡1000.我们要价1000英镑卖给她那幢房子。

比较：We offered him ￡1000 for the house.我们出价1000英镑买他那幢房子。

1．each与every

each强调“个体”,every强调“整体”，every只有一个词性，形容词，且every不接of短语，every只作定语，而each作定语，主语，宾语，同位语。如：

Each/Every pupil was given a pencil.每个学生发一枝铅笔。

Each of us has a Chinese-English dictionary.

我们每人都有一本汉英词典。

10． beyond ①prep.在……的那边，远于；超过

I can’t see anything beyond the river because of fog.

He is such a naughty boy and is beyond my control.

Don’t stay out beyond 10 o’clock at night.

②adv.在更远处；再往后

From the top of the hill you can see a lake beyond.

9． keep up维持，保持

I hope the weather will keep up.

The noise kept up for all night.

The good news keep our spirit up.

How do you keep this large house?

keep an eye out for sb./sth.留心或注意某人/物

keep a close watch on密切注意

keep away from避开，离开；keep back防止，隐瞒

keep on继续；keep off…离开，使不接近

keep out (of)不进去，置身于……外，从……离开

keep up with跟上，不落后；keep in touch with保持联系

8． make sense有意义，有道理，讲得通

This sentence doesn?t make sense.

It makes sense to take care of your health.

Can you make sense of what this writer is saying?

common sense常识；in a (some) sense在某种意义上

There is no sense in doing sth.(做某事)没道理

7． attach vt.系；贴；附加；认为有(重要性等)

　　　 attach sth. to sth.把某东西系到某东西上

attach yourself to sb./sth.加入；使隶属于

be attach to sb./sth.依恋；留恋