1.汽油机
①构造(出示挂图和模型)
进气门、排气门、火花塞、活塞、曲轴、连杆。(简介各部分的功能)
冲程:活塞从气缸的一端运动到另一端。
②工作原理
吸气冲程 进气门打开,排气门关闭,活塞向下运动
由于缸内体积增大,压强减小,空气和汽油的混合物被吸入气缸
压缩冲程:进气门、排气门关闭,活塞向上运动
混合气体被强行压缩,使气体的温度升高,压强增大
做功冲程:进气门、排气门关闭,活塞向下运动
在压缩冲程未,火花塞产生电火花,使燃料猛烈燃烧,产生高温高压的气体推动活塞做功,通过连杆带动曲轴转动。
排气冲程:进气门关闭,排气门打开,活塞向上一运动,排出废气
四个冲程循环往复,周而复始。
③能量的转化
在做功冲程中燃气对活塞做功,内能转化为机械能,其余三个叫辅助冲程,靠消耗飞轮的机械能来完成。
汽油机在开始动转时,需要外力先使曲轴转动起来,以后汽油机自行工作。
④汽油机的用途和优点:
轻巧
常用在汽车、飞机、小型农业机械上
[典型例题]
例1.如图所示的是汽油机一个工作循环中的四个冲程,其中图 是将内能转化为机械能
例2.上图B中汽油机工作循环中的某一冲程,这个冲程是 .若该汽油机飞轮转速为3 000 r/min,那么,每秒钟内完成 个冲程,活塞往复 次,燃气推动活塞做功的次数为 次.
[课堂小节]
[课后作业]
2、常识性了解四冲程内燃机工作过程中能量的转化。
[教学过程]
新课引入:
酒精蒸气的一部分内能转化为塞子的机械能利用上面的原理,人们制造出了汽油机、柴油机、喷气式发动机等,这些机器都是利用了内能来工作的称为热机。
热机是把内能转化为机械能的机器。是人们生产、生活的重要的机器。
新授:
上节课的实验中,在试管外部加热,热损失较大,内能的利用率较低,能否把燃料移到内部去燃烧呢?如何使活塞往复运动呢?
内燃机:燃料在机器的气缸内燃烧的热机。包含汽油机和柴油机
1、常识性了解汽油机的基本构造和工作原理;
第四节:书面表达 (满分30分)
假设你是李华,就读于北京101中学。你的外国朋友John向你写信询问北京2008年奥运会的准备情况,请根据下列提示写封回信。
北京2008年奥运会主题:绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运
环境方面 |
改善交通状况、绿化、控制废气排量… |
人文方面 |
开展市民讲英语活动、培养高素质服务人员… |
科技方面 |
使用高清晰度的数字传播技术(HDDV transmission technique)… |
要求:1.可适当增加细节使行文连贯。
2.字数120左右。
生词:废气排放emission of waste gases
Dear John:
I’m very glad to tell you something about the preparations we have made for the 2008 Olympic Games..._______________________________________________________________ ________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I am looking forward to seeing you in Beijing.
Yours,
Li Hua
第三节:短文改错(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断:如无错误,在该行右边的横线上画一个勾(√);如有错误(每行只有一个错误),则按下列情况改正:
此行多一词:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉, 在该行右边写上该词,并也用斜线划掉。
此行缺一词:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
此行错一词:在错的词下面画一横线,在该行后边写出改正后的词。
My cousin and I usually stay out late with some
friends on Saturday evenings, left Grandpa alone at home. 71.___
It was so cold yesterday, however, that none of us wanted 72.____
to suffer from the frozen wind outside. So after dinner we 73.____
stay at home sitting around a fire and listening to Grandpa 74.____
tell his experiences in Second World War. In fact they 75.____
sounded familiar to us, so we were still listening attentively 76.____
so as to make him be happy. Now and then we asked Grandpa 77.____
some questions, that he answered in a humorous way. We 78.____
burst out laughing from time to time and he laughed too. 79.____
Full of joy, we all felt especially warm in the cold evening. 80.____
第二节:词组填空(共5小题;每空1分,满分10分)
根据下列句子及所给的汉语注解,写出空缺处所需词组的正确形式。(每空只写一词)
66.You’ll have to put in some extra work at night if you don’t want to get ____ ____(落后)
67.The winners are ____ ____(如下): in third place, Mandy Johnson; in second place ...
68.Does she say anything that ____ ____(迎合) you especially?
69.It just doesn’t ____ ____ (有道理)−− why would she do a thing like that?
70.Jimmy has great trouble ____ ____(保持) with the rest of the students.
第一节:单词拼写(共10小题;每题1分,满分10分)
根据下列句子及所给的首字母或汉语注解,写出空缺处单词的正确形式。(每空只写一词)
56.56.It rained a lot, but ____(总而言之) it was a pleasant trip.
57.Since 1990, it has been ____(非法) for the US to develop or possess biological weapons.
58.How ____(令人恼火)! I’ve left my car key at home.
59.My friends were wearing two or three sweaters and had beach towels covering around their shoulders for extra ____(温暖).
60.Paul walked away without ____(承认)to me that he sometimes envied my friendship with Stanley.
61.Take these important things into c____ when buying a laptop.
62.He’s m____ a boy – you can’t expect him to understand all like an adult.
63.Such expensive luxury cars as Benz and Bentley are b____ the reach of ordinary people.
64.Since I’m abroad on business at the moment, I’m having some flowers d____ for her birthday.
65.It was the British government that paid for all the e ____ for the expedition to Tahiti, but Joseph Banks had to spend his own money equipping his research in botany.
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