45.(1)                                                。

(2)                                。

(3)                和                 ，                           。

(4)                 。 (5)                  ,                            。    

(6)                                          　。　

原理：                                                                

                                                 。

44.(1)                 ，            ，            ，              。

    (2)                    。

    (3)                期的                  。 

(4)                                                                     

               。

    (5)                  (6)                 。

(7)                                                                     

                                            。

43.（1）          和          ；                。

（2）                 ，             。            和            。

（3）                                                            。 

                                                        。

42.（1）①                                                           

                                      。

②                                                           

                                      。          

③               。

（2）                 ,                                                       

                                      。

（3）                                                            。 

                                                        。