B

　 Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our language. Our everyday speech is made up in large part of words like probably, many, soon, great, little. What do these words mean?

　　 Such verbal expression is not necessarily to be criticized. Indeed, it has a value just because it allows us to express judgments when a precise quantitative statement is out of the question.

We have been trying to pin down by experiments what people mean by these expressions in specific contexts, and how the meanings change with age. For instance, a subject is told “There are many trees in the park” and is asked to say what number the word many mean to him. Or a child is invited to take “some” sweets from a bowl and we then count how many he has taken. We compare the number he takes when he is alone with the number when one or more other children are present and are to take some sweets after him, or with the number he takes when told to give “some” sweets to another child.

　 First, we find that the number depends, of course, on the items involved. To most people some friends means about five, while some trees means about twenty. However, unrelated areas sometimes show parallel values. For instance, the language of probability seems to mean about the same thing in predictions about the weather and about politics: the expression “is certain to” (rain, or be elected) signifies to the average person about a 70 percent chance; “is likely to”, about a 60 percent chance; “probably will” about 55 percent.

　 Secondly, the size of the population of items influences the value assigned to an expression. Thus, if we tell a subject to take “a few” or “ a lot of” glass balls from a box, he will take more if the box contains a large number of glass balls than if it has a small number. But not proportionately more: if we increase the number of glass balls eight times, the subject takes only half as large a percentage of the total.

　　 Thirdly, there is a marked change with age. Among children between six and fourteen years old, the older the child, the fewer glass balls he will take. But the difference between a lot and a few widens with age. This age effect is so consistent that it might be used as a test of intelligence.

46. What’s the right attitude towards the words like probably, many, soon?

　A. They are inaccurate and we should avoid them.

　B. They are necessary since we cannot be always precise.

　C. They should be criticized because there are too many of them

　D. Their value is not yet clear since we don’t know their meaning

47. Why do we do experiments with the words “many” and “some”?

　A. To prove people are insensitive to these words.

　B. To prove the words dominate our everyday speech

　C. To find out how the meanings vary with age and contexts

　D. To find out whether the words can mean a precise quantity

48. Which of the expressions means a larger chance in weather broadcast?

　A. Possible　　　　 B. Probable　　　 C. Be likely to　　 D. Be certain to

49. Which of the following will least definitely influence the number of items a kid takes out of a box when he is invited to take “some”?

　A. whether the quantity of items is large or small

　B. whether the items are candies or toys

　C. whether the kid is a toddler or a youngster

　D. whether the kid is alone or accompanied by other children

50. What will tell us about the intelligence of a child?

　A. The consistency of picking up a certain glass ball

　B. How many glass balls he will take when he’s asked to

　C. The difference between a lot and a few when he takes glass balls

　D. Whether there are marked changes in his first pick and second one

A

A Magical Experience

　 One hot August afternoon, Deena Hoagland and her son Joe sat on a floating platform at Dolphins Plus, a marine(海洋)center near their home in Florida. Nearby, a large, powerful, six-hundred-pound dolphin circled to study the mother and her child. Suddenly, it splashed the Hoaglands with water. That is when something amazing happened. Three-year-old Joe Hoagland smiled. Sitting with Joe on her lap, Deena smiled, too, as her heart leapt with joy. It was the first sign of hope she had seen in Joe since his stroke(中风)six weeks earlier.

　 Joe Hoagland was born with a rare heart condition that had forced him to spend much of his first three years of life in hospitals. After a series of open-heart surgeries, Joe seemed to be doing better, but the last surgery on his heart resulted in a stroke, which left him unable to move one side and to see out of one eye.

　 Worse still, the spirit of the child, who had bravely battled his illness until then was seemingly broken. Afraid of his doctors and unwilling to participate in efforts at physical therapy(治疗), Joe grew listless, losing interest even in his favorite toys.

　 Having heard of a new therapeutic approach termed “dolphin-assisted therapy,” Deena phoned Dolphins Plus and asked permission to bring her son along. There Joe met Fonzie, the playful dolphin. With each passing visit, Joe seemed to make more progress. Before long, he was regaining some movement on his left side. Dolphins Plus trainers urged Joe to get into the water and swim with his new friend. Joe, however, was reluctant. Gradually, though, Joe became more comfortable with the large dolphin, and by mid-September, Joe was swimming with his friends.

　 Over the next two years, Joe fully recovered from the paralysis and partial blindness that his doctors thought irreversible. Now a healthy, active teenager, Joe lives a life similar to any of his friends. He visits and swims frequently with his friend Fonzie and helps his parent with Island Dolphin Care. Deena started Island Dolphin Care to work with Dolphins Plus to share the benefits of dolphin therapy with other special-needs children and their parents.

41．Deena Hoagland smiled when Fonzie splashed Joe with water because　　　　　　 .

　 A．the dolphin’s action is amazing　　　　　　 B．Joe’s reaction brought her hope

　 C．she was affected by Joe’s joy　　　　　　　 D．she realized Joe recovered

42．Paragraph 2-4 are written to　　　　　　 .

　A．expose the dangers of strokes

　B．identify the problems Joe faced

　C．describe Joe’s recovery from beginning to end

　D．show readers the process of “dolphin-assisted therapy”

43．What does the underlined word mean in paragraph 3?

　A．angry and inflexible　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．more mature and silent

　C．lacking energy and concern　　　　　　　　　 D．cautious and shy

44. Which statement about Joe is Not True?

　A. Joe received several surgeries on the heart when he was a little child.

　B. Joe was the first one to receive dolphin-assisted therapy.

　C. Doctors used to think that Joe could not recover.

　D. Now Joe worked with his parents in the Island Dolphin Care.

45．We may conclude from the passage that　　　　　　 .

　A．dolphin therapy has helped many children to improve their lives

　B．Joe recovered faster because of his desire to live with Fonzie

　C．doctors’ mistake during his surgeries brought Joe great pain

　D．his mother’s company contributes greatly to Joe’s recovery

　第二节 听取信息

听下面一段对话，请根据题目要求，从所听到的内容中获取必要的信息，填入答题卷标号为16~20的空格中。听录音前，你将有10秒的阅题时间。录音读两遍，你将有60秒钟的作答时间。

When is Mary leaving?	16.________December 20th.
What time will the plane arrive in New York?	17. ________local time.
How long does Mary have to wait in Tokyo?	She has to wait for 18.________in Tokyo.
What is the exact fare?	19.____________
Why is the ticket rather expensive?	It’s 20.____________

第一节 听力理解(5段共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)

每段播放两遍，各段后有几个小题，各段播放前有5秒钟的阅题时间。请根据各段播放内容及其相关小题，在5秒钟内从题中所给的A B C 项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

听第一段对话，回答第1~3 题

1. How much do the woman’s parents pay each semester(学期)?

　A. $15000　　　　 B. $10000　　　 C. $ 2000

2. Where does she take a part-time job?

　A. At a hotel 　　　　　B. At the college.　　 C. At a restaurant

3. How does the woman try to save money?

　A. She uses a cell phone　　 B. She buys a lot of clothes　　　 C. She sticks to her budget

听第二段独白，回答第4~6题

4. What have the doctors long known?

A. Common sounds at home are not harmful to the ear.

B. Hearing damage or loss can be caused by sounds of all kinds.

C. A terribly loud noise can make a person deaf for some time or all his life.

5. What does this passage suggest?

　A. Hearing will be damaged even if a person has heard a loud noise for less than one second.

　B. Hearing will be damaged even if a person has heard a loud noise for only little than one second.

　C. Hearing will not be damaged if a person has little more than one second to get ready

6. What can you learn about aspirin(阿斯匹林) from the passage?

　A. Aspirin increases hearing loss by two times.

　B. Aspirin can damage one’s hearing when it is given more than four grams daily.

　C. Aspirin can make hearing damage from loud noise worse.

听第三段对话，回答第7~9题

7. When did the woman prepare for her final examinations?

　A. About a year ago　　　　 B. About five years ago　　　　 C. About nine years ago

8. Why does the woman want to open a book cafe?

　A. To have a different lifestyle.

　B. To make more friends.

　C. To own her study room.

9. What kind of place does the woman want her book cafe to be?

　A. A quiet library　　　　　 B. A business center　　　　 C. A relaxing place

听第四段对话，回答第10~12题

10. Where are Ada’s family going to spend summer?

　A. Italy　　　 B. Portugal　　　　　 C. Spain

11. What is essential to Ada about a hotel?

　A. It should be on the beach.

　B. It should have a swimming pool.

　C. It should be in the downtown.

12. What does the ad talk about the price of the hotel?

　A. It has been cut down by half.

　B. It is affordable.

　C. It is lower than that in other hotels.

听第五段独白，回答第13~15题

13. What does the speaker want to draw the listener’s attention to when he mentions the villages in developing countries?

　A. Lack of electricity　　　　 B. Shortage of experts　　　　　 C. Lack of clean water

14. What is an expert system?

　A. A group of experts who can provide professional advice.

　B. A computer program which can provide professional advice.

　C. A system which trains computer experts.

15. Which of the following statements is true?

　A. It is not easy to see the shortage of experts in the villages.

　B. Many doctors and engineers are sent to the villages to make up for the shortage of experts.

　C. Expert medical systems are widely used in developing countries.

13.(14分)图示为一支将要竖直向上发射的火箭，其质量为6000 kg，点火后喷气速度为2.5 km/s，忽略发射初期火箭质量的变化，问：(取g＝10 m/s²)

(1)点火后每秒至少要喷射多少气体才能使火箭开始上升？

(2)如果要使火箭开始有2 m/s²向上的加速度，则每秒要喷出多少气体？

解析：(1)设火箭每秒喷射出质量为m₀的高速气体时产生的反冲力大小等于火箭的重力.对于Δt时间的喷出的气体，由动量定理得：

F·Δt＝m₀·Δt·v₀－0

由牛顿第三定律得：F＝Mg＝60000 N

解得：m₀＝24 kg.

(2)设每秒喷出质量为m的气体时能使火箭以2 m/s²的加速度加速上升，则此时火箭受到的冲力大小为：

F′＝Mg+ma＝7.2×10⁴ N

对于Δt时间内喷出的气体，由动量定理得：

F′·Δt＝m·Δt·v₀－0

解得：m＝28.8 kg.

答案：(1)24 kg　(2)28.8 kg

12.(13分)关于哥伦比亚号航天飞机失事的原因，美国媒体报道说，航天飞机发射时一块脱落的泡沫损伤了左翼的隔热瓦，于是最终酿成大祸.据美国航天局航天计划的Dittemore于2003年2月5日在新闻发布会上说，撞击航天飞机左翼的泡沫长20英寸(约50.8 cm)、宽16英寸(约40.6 cm)、厚6英寸(约15.2 cm)，其质量大约为1.3 kg，撞击时速度约为250 m/s，方向向上，而航天飞机的上升速度大约为700 m/s.假定碰撞时间等于航天飞机前进泡沫的长度所用的时间，相撞后认为泡沫全部附在飞机上.根据以上信息，估算“哥伦比亚”号航天飞机左翼受到的平均撞击力.(结果保留一位有效数字)

解析：由题意知航天飞机与泡沫块的作用时间为：

Δt＝ s

设碰撞过程中航天飞机对泡沫块的平均冲力大小为F，由动量定理得：

F·Δt＝mv₁－mv₂　(F远大于泡沫块受的重力)

解得：F＝8×10⁵ N

由牛顿第三定律知，航天飞机左翼受到的平均撞击力为8×10⁵ N.

答案：8×10⁵ N

11.(13分)某中学生身高1.80 m，质量70 kg.他站立举臂，手指摸到的高度为2.25 m.如果他先缓慢下蹲，再用力蹬地向上跳起，同时举臂，手指摸到的高度为2.70 m.设他从蹬地到离开地面所用的时间为0.3 s.取g＝10 m/s²，求：

(1)他刚离地跳起时的速度大小.

(2)他与地面间的平均作用力的大小.

解析：(1)跳起后重心升高

h＝2.70 m－2.25 m＝0.45 m.

根据机械能守恒定律mv²＝mgh　

解得：v＝＝3 m/s.

(2)根据动量定理有：(F－mg)t＝mv－0

解得：F＝m(g+)＝1400 N.

答案：(1)3 m/s　(2)1400 N