(E)

80．

Transport is one of the aids to trade．By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value．The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade．When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale．

81．

The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade．Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance．Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe．Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes．Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes．Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance．

82．

Transport also prevents waste．Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns．Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally．Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year．Transport has raised the standard of living．

83．

By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before．Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another．The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried．Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living．

84．

Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information．Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world．In this way, advanced communication system also help to develop trade．

Translation:

1．60年前，新生的中华人民共和国还不为许多国家广为承认。(recognize)

2．只有通过亲身体验，你才能理解志愿服务有多么重要！ (figure out)

3．据报道，世博前这条马路已被拓宽来改善交通条件。 (report)

4．令我们宽慰的是，地震发生的时候，大楼里碰巧没有人。 (happen)

5．停车场足够大，可以容纳数百辆车，这使得居民停车非常方便。(hold)

6．她是个如此爱忘事的女孩以至总是丢三落四，有时别无选择只得买新的了。(alternative)

Writing：about 150 words

　　　 如今在上海的许多学校中，为提高学生各方面的素养而开设了多种选修课程；有的学校甚至还开出了“学说上海话选修课程”，就这个话题请你谈谈你的看法。

(D)

Between ten and midnight the United States is politically leaderless--there is no center of information anywhere in the nation except in the New York headquarters of the great broadcasting companies and the two great wire services．No candidate and no party can afford the investment on election night to match the news-gathering resources of the mass media; and so, as every citizen sits in his home watching his TV set or listening to his radio, he is the equal of any other in knowledge．There is nothing that can be done in these hours, for on one can any longer direct the great strike for America’s power; the polls have closed．Good or bad, whatever the decision．America will accept the decision--and cut down any man who goes against it, even though for millions the decision runs contrary to their own votes．The general vote is an expression of national will, the only substitute for violence and blood．Its decision is to be defended as one defends civilization itself．

There is nothing like this American expression of will in England or France, India or Russia or China．Only one other major nation in modern history has ever tried to elect its leader directly by mass, free, popular vote．This was the Weimar Republic of Germany, which modeled its unitary vote for national leaders on the American practice．Out of its experiment with the system it got Hitler．Americans have had Lincoln, Wilson and two Roosevelts．Nothing can be done when the voting returns are flooding in; the White House and its power will move to one or another of the two candidates, and all will know about it in the morning．But for these hours history stops．

76．Between ten p．m．and midnight, the United States has no leader because　　　 ．

　　　 A．the President has resigned

　　　 B．the strike for power has ended

　　　 C．the polls have closed and the results are not in

　　　 D．there has been a revolution

77．“The great strike for America’s power” in paragraph 1 refers to　　　 ．

　　　 A．the strike of the mass media　　　　　 B．the great coal strike

　　　 C．striking while the iron is hot　　　　　　 D．the election campaign

78．According to the author only one other major modern nation ever tried to elect its leader by mass, free, popular vote．That nation was　　　 ．

　　　 A．India　　　　　　　　 B．Germany　　　　　 C．Russia　　　　　　　 D．England

79．The author believes the decision at the polls will　　　 ．

　　　 A．lead to anarchy　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．result in men being cut down

　　　 C．cause violence and blood　　　　　 D．be defended by all Americans

(C)

Texas--US President George W．Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin failed to bridge their differences over a key arms control treaty last week, but that didn’t stop them from backslapping(喧闹的狂欢) as they ended a summit．

The two leaders also offered differing interpretations of the fate of nuclear warheads to be removed from missiles under arms reductions they each announced last week．Bush said he intended to destroy the warheads, but Putin said their fate should be negotiated．

The two men untied on the need for Northern Alliance forces--to allow for a broad based government that respects all parties there．

Bush and Putin had spent the night at Bush’s ranch．Despite the rain, the rural environment and friendly company appeared to have worked its magic．They slapped on the back and joked, at one point teasing each other about whether it is better to visit Texas in the heat of August or Siberia in winter．

Analysts say the dramatic warming in US-Russian relation could herald(预示) an era of pragmatism(务实的想法或做法) in global affairs as the two old rivals finally end decades of hostility and become friends．

“Washington and Moscow are no longer playing the ‘big game’ against each other, but with each other,” said Karl Heniz Kamp, an analyst at the Konrad Adenanaer Foundation，a German think tank．

72．It can be concluded that President Bush and President Putin　　　 ．

　　　 A．didn’t agree on key arms control treaty

　　　 B．offered different explanations of the future of nuclear warheads under arms reductions

　　　 C．neither A or B

　　　 D．both A and B

73．The reason why the two men joined together is that．

　　　 A．they were needed by the Northern Alliance forces

　　　 B．they had taken the advice given by Karl Heniz Kamp, an analyst of German think tank．

　　　 C．they had already been partners

　　　 D．they had no different opinions on everything

74 The warming of US-Russian relations indicates that　　　 ．

　　　 A．the two persons end hostility and become friends

　　　 B．US can benefit a lot from global affairs

　　　 C．there will be an end to all the armies of the world

　　　 D．it is a turning point to words being practical in global affairs

75．What the two men teased about shows that　　　 ．

　　　 A．they appeared friendly but in fact they didn’t

　　　 B．they just made fun of each other

　　　 C．they are friendly and humorous

　　　 D．they invited each other to their countries in the bad weather

(B)

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive．

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions．They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors．There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory．The controversy is often referred to as “nature/nurture”．

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors．That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory．Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts．

Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act．A behaviorist, B．F．Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings．The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans’ respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior．

Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior．In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes．That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．

69．Which of the following statements would the supporters of the “nature” theory agree with?

　　　 A．A person’s instincts have little effect on his actions．

　　　 B．Environment is important in determining a person’s behavior and personality．

　　　 C．Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act．

　　　 D．The behaviorists’ view correctly explains how we act．

70．Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article　　　 ．

　　　 A．supports the nature theory

　　　 B．supports the nurture theory

　　　 C．believes both are completely wrong

　　　 D．thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories．

71．In the United States, Black people often score below White people on intelligence tests．With this in mind, which of the following statements is NOT true?

　　　 A．Nature proponents would say that Whites are genetically superior to Blacks．

　　　 B．Supporters of the nature theory would say that Whites score well because they have a superior environment．

　　　 C．Behaviorists would say that Blacks often lack the educational and environmental advantages that Whites enjoy．

　　　 D．Nurture proponents would disagree that Blacks are biologically inferior to Whites．