You can go out as long as you promise to be back before 8. 如果你保证八点以前回来,你可以出去。
■when 的用法。表示“当……时候”。如:
The house shook when the trains went by. 火车经过时房子会震动。
When she saw this,she turned red. 她看到这时脸红了。
I played football every day when I was a boy. 我小时候天天踢足球。
■while 的用法。表示“当……时候”。如:
I’ll take care of him while you are away. 你不在时我照顾他。
I met Diana while I Was shopping this morning. 我今早买东西时碰到了戴安娜。
While I was waiting for the bus I dropped my purse. 我等公共汽车时把钱包丢了。
注意:while 所引导的时间状语从句中谓语动词必须是持续性的,不能是短暂性的。
■as 的用法。表示“当……时候”。如:
He dropped the glass as he stood up. 他站起来时,把杯子摔了。
The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来。
■before 的用法。表示“在……之前”。如:
I hadn’t waited long before she came. 我没等多久她就来了。
It was a long time before I got to sleep again. 好久我才又睡着。
I must finish this letter before I go home. 我必须在回家以前写完这封信。
■after 的用法。表示“在之后”:
She left after they arrived. 她在他们到达后走了。
I told them after you (had) left. 你走后我把这事告诉了他们。
■until / till 的用法。表示“直到…”:
He waited till [until] I returned. 他一直等到我回来。
Walk till [until] you come to a white house. 走下去,一直走到一座白房子为止。
这类句型的主句动词通常只能是延续性动词,不能是终止性动词。但在否定句中,则主句动词可以是终止性动词,此时构成not…until [till]…句式,意为“直到……才”。如:
He didn’t leave until [till] I came. 直到我来他才走(来自 www.zkenglish.com)。
You cannot leave until your work is finished. 在你的工作没完成以前你不能离开。
在否定句中,主句谓语为延续性动词和终止性动词均可,注意含义不同:
He didn’t leave until I came. 直到我来他才走。
He didn’t wait until I came. 他没有等到我来(即在我来之前就走了)。
■since 的用法。表示“自从…”:
We have known each other since we were children. 我们从小就(相互)认识。
I haven’t heard from him since he left. 他走之后我还没接到过他的信。
这类句子的主句通常用现在完成时。
■as soon as 的用法。表示“一…就…”:
Tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一到就告诉他。
I shall ring you up as soon as I arrive. 我一到就给你打电话。
I?l let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接到她的信就通知你。
表示“一…就…”这一意思,除用as soon as外,还可用the moment, the minute等:
I want to see him the minute [=as soon as] he arrives. 他一到达我就要见他。
not only…but also…的用法
用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分,着重强调后者,其意为“不仅……而且……”;其中的also有时可以省略。如:
She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅很会演奏,而且还会作曲。
He not only writes his own plays, he also acts in them. 他不仅是自编剧本, 还饰演其中的角色。
Not only men but also women were chosen. 不仅仅是男的,女的也有被选中的。
He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays as well. 他不仅平时工作,星期日也工作。
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片,他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
说明:若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如:
Not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你,他也得离开。
若连接两个句子,not only后面的句子要用倒装,如:
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 他不仅说得更正确,而且讲得更不费劲了。
neither…nor…的用法
用于连接两个表示并列关系的名词,用于否定两者,其意为“既不……也不……”、“……和……都不”。如:
It’s neither too cold nor too hot. 天气既不太冷也不太热。
Neither boys nor girls are interested in it. 男孩子和女孩子对此都不感兴趣。
说明:通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如:
Mary neither likes maths nor (likes) history. 玛丽既不喜欢数学也不喜欢历史。
Neither Jim nor Jack was at home. 吉姆和杰克都不在家。
但在非正式文体中也可一律用复数。如(from www.zkenglish.com):
Neither Jim nor Jack were at home. 吉姆和杰克都不在家。
若连接两个句子,要用倒装。如:
Neither does he smoke nor does he drink. 他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
either…or… 的用法
用于连接两个表示选择关系的名词或代词,意为“要么……要么”。如:
He must be either mad or drunk. 他不是疯了就是醉了。
You can go swimming or play tennis. 你可以去游泳也可以去打网球。
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。
Are either you or I wrong? 是你错了还是我错了?
说明:通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致。如:
You can either have tea or coffee. 你喝茶也行,喝咖啡也行。
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错,就是我错。
both…and…的用法
用于连接两个表示并列关系的名词或代词。如:
Both
The secretary both speaks and writes Spanish. 这位秘书不但能讲而且能写西班牙语。
You’ve given both your uncle and myself a lot of trouble. 你给了你姑父和我很多麻烦。
Sophia was both对ad and sorry to see her. 索菲娅看到她既高兴又难过。
The food was both bad and insufficient. 食物既坏又不够吃。
She was ashamed, both for herself and for Diana. 她感到羞愧,既为自己也为戴安娜。
I did all this both for you and for myself. 我做这一切是为了你,也为我自己。
He both speaks and writes Spanish. 他既会说也会写西班牙语。
Tonight they will both sing and dance. 今晚他们将又唱歌又跳舞。
说明:作为关联并列连词,它通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。另外,若连接两个成分作主语,谓语总是用复数。如:
Both she and I are good at English. 她和我都擅长英语(from www.zkenglish.com)。
Both teaching and research work are making great strides. 教学与科研都在大踏步前进。
Both she and Sophia were pleased with the girl. 她和索菲娅都喜欢这个姑娘。
并列连词for与so的用法
In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6. 为了不让他迟到,他母亲六点就叫醒了他。
该结构有时可与 in order to 转换:
He is working hard in order to pass the examination. / He is working hard in order that he can pass the examination. 为了考试及格,他正在努力学习。
■so that 的用法。其意为“以便”:
He studies hard so that he can pass the exam. 为了能通过考试,他学习很努力。
I am going to the lecture early so that I?l get a good seat. 我想早点去听演讲,以便找个好座位。
■if 的用法。其意为“如果”:
He?l do it if you pay him. 如果你付钱,他是会干的。
If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你向他提出请求,他会帮助你。
■unless 的用法。其意为“如果不”、“除非”:
I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy. 如果我不太忙,明天将到那儿去。
Unless you go at once you will be late. 如果你不马上走,就会迟到的。
■as [so] long as 的用法。其意为“如果”、“只要”:
As long as you do your best, we?l be happy. 只要你尽力,我们就满意了。
10. B。根据句意Masha是二个学生中较高的那个。如表示“二者中较……的一个”则在比较级前加the。
引导原因状语从句的从属连词归纳
■because 的用法。意为“因为”:
I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。
He was angry because we were late. 他很生气因为我们迟到了。
■as 的用法。意为“由于”:
As he is ill, he can’t come to the meeting. 由于生病了,他不能来参加会议。
As you weren’t there, I left a message. 由于你不在那儿,我留了个信儿。
■since 的用法。意为“既然”:
Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问,我就告诉你。
Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去,我也去。
■so that 的用法。意为“结果”:
We’re all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了,终于能开会了。
I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早,所以找了个好座位。
■so…that 的用法。意为“如此…以至于…”,其中的 so 后接形容词或副词:
He’s so clever that he learns English very quickly. 他很聪明,英语学得很快。
He runs so fast that none of us can catch up with him. 他跑得很快,我们没一个能追上他。
■such…that 的用法。意为“如此…以至于…”,其中的 such 后接名词(名词前通常有形容词修饰):
It gave him such a shock that his face turned white. 这使他那样震惊,他脸都白了。
He is such a clever boy that we all like him. 这个孩子这样聪明,我们都喜欢他。
引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that中的 that 在口语中有时可以省略。
■in order that 的用法。其意为“为了”:
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习,是为了能通过考试。
9. B。当enough修饰形容词时,enough应放在形容词的后面。
8. A。在as…as结构中形容词用原级(from www.zkenglish.com)。
7. D。第一空无比较的范围用原级hot,第二空是July(七月)和August(八月)相比较,故用比较级hotter。
6. A。表示数量的“多”或“少”用形容词large或small。
5. B。在该句句末出现了比较的范围of all,而all指三者或三者以上,所以应考虑形容词的最高级。
4. C。根据句意“除李雷外,我们班所有同学都超过了15岁”,言外之意,李雷是我们班年纪最小的。
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