(七)平行结构与比较级 平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的 The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. 大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的，有的是递进对比not only…but (also) ;prefer…to…;rather than有的是同类对比：and ;but；or；both… and…；either…or…; neither…nor….. 平行结构复习时要注意以下几点： 1．注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it. [典型例题]

It is better to die one’s feet than　______. A. living on one’s knees　　　　　　 B.live on one’s knees C. on one’s knees　　　　　　　　　 D.to live on one’s knees [答案]D 2．其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。 1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。

[典型例题] We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ____in a personal style. A. rather than　　　B. other than　　　 C. better than　　　D. less than [答案]A 2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

(六)不用比较级和最高级的形容词 1.表示颜色的有：white, black 2.表示形态的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level 3.表示性质和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 4.表示状态作表语的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5.表示时间、空间和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6.表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7.含有绝对概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.

1.下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念： inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.

　Their watch is_____　to all the other watches on the market. A. superior　　 B. advantageous　　C. super　　 D. beneficial [答案]A 2.“比较级+and +比较级”或“more and more/less and less +原级”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副词+比较级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get ,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than Things are getting worse and worse. As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. 3. 有关比较级的特殊句型 not so much…as…与其说……不如说…… [典型例题]

The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates_____a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. A. and　　　　　　　 B.as　　　　　 　C.but　　　 　　　　D. or [答案]B句意：人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高，还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果

no/not any more…than…两者一样都不…… [典型例题]

The heart is　______intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A. not so　　 B. not much　　C. much more　　 D.　 no more [答案]D句意：心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制

no/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反 She is no less beautiful than her sister.　　 她和她姐姐一样漂亮 just as… so…　　 正如……， ……也……(用倒装结构) [典型例题]

Just as the soil is a part of the earth,______the atmosphere. A. as it is　　　 B. the same is　　 　C. so is　　　　 D. and so is [答案]C (五)最高级形式应注意的问题： 1.最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among in, (all) over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：in China, all over the world. of, among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses. 注意：among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来 [典型例题]

______all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. A.　 Among　　　　 　B　 Of　　　　　 　C. For　　　　　 D.To　　　

[答案]B 2.比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用： any other +单数名词 the other +复数名词 the others anyone/anything else 　　 上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同 3.most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very，用法区分单复数，但不能用定冠词the，如：a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants， 要注意与 “the +形容词最高级+of + 名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别，如： He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country. Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language

2. 比较级形容词或副词 + than You are taller than I. They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. [点拨]1)要避免重复使用比较级 　(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.　 (对) He is more clever than his brother. 2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3)要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4)要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词 比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.

(三)可修饰比较级的词 1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等 2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 3)以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面 [典型例题]:　　 ---- Are you feeling ____?　 ---- Yes，I'm fine now. A. any well　　 B. any better　　 C. quite good 　　D. quite better　 [答案]B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better. (四)几种比较等级的特殊用法

1. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。 He cannot run so/as fast as you. 2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.. 3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面 This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.　 4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as　<=> 倍数+ then + of This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. Your room is twice the size of mine.

(三)兼有两种形式的副词 1 close与closely close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"

He is sitting close to me.

Watch him closely. 2. late 与lately late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近" You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? 3.deep与deeply deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4.high与 highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5.wide与widely

wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"

He opened the door wide.

English is widely used in the world. 6.free与freely

free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"

You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.

三 形容词与副词的比较级 (一) 基本构成　

大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1.规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级 　构成法　　原级　　比较级　最高级　 一般单音节词　tall(高的)　 taller　 allest 未尾加-er,-est　 great(巨大的)　 greater　 greatest　 以不发音的e结尾　nice(好的)　nicer　　 nicest 的单音词和少数　 large(大的)　 larger　 largest 以- le结尾的双　 able(有能力的) abler　ablest 音节词只加-r,-st　　　　　　　　　 以一个辅音字母　big(大的)　　bigger　 biggest 结尾的闭音节单　hot热的)　　hotter　 hottest 音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母， 再加-er，-est　　　　　　　　　 "以辅音字母+y"　easy(容易的)　 easier　 easiest 结尾的双音节词，busy(忙的)　 busier　 busiest 改y为i，再加 -er，-est　　　　　　　 少数以-er，-ow　clever(聪明的)　cleverer　 cleverest 结尾的双音节词　narrow(窄的)　narrower　 narrowest 未尾加-er，-est　　　　　　　　　 其他双音节词和　important(重要的)　 多音节词，在前面加more，most more important

　　　　　　　　　 most important 来构成比较级和最高级　easily(容易地)　

　　　　　　　　　　　 more easily　 most easily 　 2.不规则变化 　 原级　　　 比较级　　最高级　　　 good(好的)/　　　 better　　best well(健康的)　　　　　　　　　　 bad (坏的)/　　 worse　　 worst ill(有病的)　　　　　　　　　　 old (老的)　　　older/elder　oldest/eldest　　 　 much/many(多的)　 more　　　most　　　 little(少的)　　　 less　　　 least　　　 far (远的)　 farther/further　 farthest/furthest　 　　

(二)几组常用比较等级句型