3、(2009江苏苏州)30．在日常生活中，我们发现切过咸菜的刀更容易生锈．而除锈用稀盐酸比稀硫酸快。为了进一步验证上述现象，某校师生做了以下相关分组实验，请你根据自己平时课堂学习的体验一起参与讨论并回答相关问题。

[步骤一]未打磨的铝片浸入氯化铜溶液中，迅速产生大量气泡和疏松的紫红色固体，并放热，片刻后溶液由蓝绿色变成无色。

(1)若要正视紫红色固体中是否含有氧化铜，可用_______溶液(填一试剂)加以检验。

[步骤二]未打磨的铝片浸入硫酸铜溶液中，一段时间内没有明显现象。

(2)比较步骤一、二，你能得出的结论是：_____________________。

[步骤三]打磨过的铝片浸入硫酸铜溶液中，其操作、现象和结论见下表。

(3)试将“影响因素”选项前恰当的字母序号填入答题卡指定位置。

实验操作	使用现象	对比结论
Ⅰ．一片用粗砂纸单向用力打磨3次，将其浸入硫酸铜溶液，片刻后用镊子取出。	现象一：粗砂纸打磨的在划痕处有少量气泡，附着少量疏松的紫红色固体。	现象一与现象二对比，说明 ①______________
现象二：粗砂纸打磨的片刻内现象不明显。
Ⅱ．一片用特细砂纸往复打磨数次，再将其浸入硫酸铜溶液，片刻后取出。	现象三：特细砂纸打磨的表面产生较多细小气泡，表面均匀附着紫红色固体。	现象三与现象一对比，说明 ②______________
现象四：特细砂纸打磨的表面一段时间内没有明显现象。	现象四与现象三对比，说明 ③______________

★影响因素：A．打磨时用力程度及均匀程度不同；B．选用砂纸颗粒粗细程度不同；C．由于摩擦生热又形成了新的氧化膜

(4)比较步骤三各实验操作中用砂纸打磨的作用是：_____________________。

(5)请仔细观察下图：

试从微观粒子变化的角度分析该反应的实质是：______________。

2、(2009江苏苏州)28．酸与碱之间发生中和反应，其实质是酸溶液中大量自由移动的和碱溶液中大量自由移动的^－结合成水分子的过程。请根据以下氢氧化钠溶液与稀盐酸反应的实验，回答问题。

[实验1]用酚酞试液

　(1)向一锥形瓶中倾倒20g质量分数为4.00%的氢氧化钠溶液，滴入3滴酚酞试液，振荡，再逐滴滴入质量分数为3．65%的稀盐酸，边滴边振荡，直至溶液刚好变为_________色为止，共用去稀盐酸20g，则反应后溶液中溶质质量分数为_________ (结果精确到0．1%)。反应后溶液中的溶质可用____________的方法(填一操作名称)使其析出。用酚酞作指示剂可逐滴控制酸、碱溶液反应的量，视觉效果灵敏，操作简便。

[实验2]用pH试纸

　(2)向一支试管内倒入约2mL氢氧化钠溶液，再逐滴滴入盐酸，边滴边振荡。然后用玻璃棒蘸取反应液沾到pH试纸上，与标准比色卡对照。因无法通过肉眼观察到反应进程，需间隔数滴多次检测溶液的pH，所以每使用玻璃棒蘸取溶液前，必须进行_________的预处理。

[小结]

　(3)除了用酸碱指示剂、pH试纸外，还可用_________ (填方法)检测中和反应是否发生。

1、(2009广东肇庆)20．2008年我省部分地区监测到的雨水平均pH如下表。请回答下列问题：

城市	广州	深圳	佛山	河源	肇庆	东莞	中山
2008年雨水平均pH	4.47	4.8	4.54	6.37	4.86	4.83	4.58

(1)上表列举的7个地区中，没有酸雨污染的地区是_______；导致酸雨的主要气体是______(填序号)：

①CO　 ②CO₂　 ③SO₂　 ④NO₂ 。

(2)若酸雨的主要成分为H₂SO₄和HNO₃，请写出下列化学方程式：

(a)含H₂SO₄的酸雨腐蚀七星岩的石灰石_________________________________；

(b)含HNO₃的酸雨与撒在田地里的熟石灰反应___________________________________。

(3)为了改善肇庆环境质量、迎接明年的“绿色亚运会”，下列措施不能减少酸雨的是__________(填序号)：

①推广清洁能源　 ②减少用煤直接作燃料　　 ③淘汰尾气不达标的汽车　 ④限制燃放烟花爆竹　 ⑤限制并有偿使用塑料袋。

1. 指示代词，定冠词 2. 数量词 3. 性质词 4. 大小 5. 形状 6. 老少，新旧 7. 颜色 8. 材料

但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。

如： What a pretty little white horse!　

Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand.

［误］ The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.

［正］ The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.

［析］ good是形容词，这里是修饰动词speak的，所以应用副词well，但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如：He is well.(他身体很好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。

［误］ The children play on the grass nappyly.

［正］ The children play on the grass happily?

［析］ 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly.

［误］ The teacher looked angry at the students.

［正］ The teacher looked angrily at the students.

［析］ 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词，这时它是修饰主语的，如：The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looked angry 老师看起来很生气。 而此句的意思为："老师生气地看着学生"，所以应用副词形式。

［误］ He worked with me friendly.

［正］ He was friendly to me.

［析］ 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词，但friendly是形容词，这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, lively…monthly weekly…。但其中有些词既是副词，又是形容词，如：early, hourly, monthly…

［误］ You can speak free in front of your friends.

［正］ You can speak freely in front of your friends.

［析］ free作为形容词意为"自由的，有空闲的，免费的"。作为副词讲则是"免费"之意。而freely作为副词则是"自由的，随便的"。这些要注意的词还有：hard 努力，艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎like 像 likely 几乎

［误］ They must have arrived till now.

［正］ They must have arrived by now.

［析］ by now是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生，所以应用瞬间动词。而till now是强调某一动作一直持续到现在，所以一定要用持续性动词。must have+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。

［误］ Someone called you right now.

［正］ Someone called you just now.

［析］ just now有两个意思，其一是"刚才"，其二是"现在"，而right now只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态，如： I have just finished my homework.

［误］ My father will be back from America at present.

［正］ My father will be back from America presently.

［析］ presently有两个意思：其一是最近，不久，其二在美语中是现在之意，与at present相同。而for the present为暂时，如： I teach English in the school for the present.

［误］ I'll be back at the moment.

［正］ I'll be back in a moment.

［析］ at the moment 其意为"现在，当时"，而in a moment意为"马上过一会"，与in a minute意思相近。

［误］ The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time.

［正］ The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time.

［析］ on time为"准时"，而in time有两个含意。其一是"及时"，如：The doctor arrived in time。其二是"将来，终究"。

［误］ I met an old friend sometimes last month.

［正］ I met an old friend sometime last month.

［析］ Sometime 过去，或者将来某时。Sometimes 有时

如： Sometimes I go to school by bus.　Some time 一些时间

如： I need sometime to do my homework.　 Some times 几次

如： I went to Shanghai sometimes this month.　

at times 有时，偶尔　

at all times 经常　

some other time 改天

［误］ I had met an old friend three days ago.

［正］ I had met an old friend three days before.

［正］ I met an old friend three days ago.

* ago 用在时间状语中时，主句中谓语动词一般用过去时，而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。

［误］ He studied very hard. and at the end he passed the exam.

［正］ He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam.

［析］ in the end＝at last 意为"最终，终于"，表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而at the end是在某事的结束时如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。

［误］ I will come here to help you each three days.

［正］ I will come here to help you every three days.

［析］ every three days 为"每三天"，即每隔二天，而every other day为每隔一天。

［误］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday. and I didn't go, too.

［正］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either.

［析］ 英语中表示"也"，有4个字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与as well一般要用在句尾，而also则可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too. 又如： I've also read her other novels.

［误］ We should help the poor girl in anyway.

［正］ We should help the poor girl in any way.

［析］ anyway为"不管怎么"讲，"无论如何"，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.

any way 为"任何方式"。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中，如：

everyday 日常的 every day 每天

faraway 遥远的 far away 远离

altogether 总计 all together 一块，大家一起

already 已经 all ready 全准备好了

［误］ You can come to the doctor's at anytime.

［正］ You can come to the doctor's at any time.

［析］ anytime 是副词 而any time中的time是名词。

［误］ She said nearly nothing.

［正］ She said almost nothing.

［析］ nearly 与 almost的含意相近，在很多场合可以互换，但在否定词前用almost。

［误］ There are too much mistakes in your homework.

［正］ There are too many mistakes in your homework.

［析］ too much 后接不可数名词，如：There is too much water for the flowers. 而too many 后加可数名词，much too 后面加形容词，如：It is much too difficult to learn English well.

［误］ It is late enough that we can go home now.

［正］ It is late enough for us to go home now.

［析］ 要注意的是enough后面一般不接从句而接不定式，或不定式的复合结构：for somebody to do something。

［误］ The twins are very alike.

［正］ The twins are much alike.

［析］ 用a为首字母的形容词不能用very修饰，一般要用much来修饰。

［误］ - How long does he write to his parents?　

- Once a week.

［正］ - How often does he write to his parents?　

- Once a week.

［析］ 英文与中文表达法不同，隔多长时间办一次某事，实际上问的是该事发生的频率，所以要用how often。

［误］ As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call up you.

［正］ As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call you up.

［析］ 当动词词组的宾语是人称代词时则一定要放于动词之后，如果是名词则可以放在词组其后。如：I want to watch TV. Please turn on the TV. 也可以讲： Please turn the TV on.

［误］ He drove quickly his new car.

［正］ He drove his new car quickly.

［析］ 副词在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下几种用法：①实意动词之前，如：He quickly give me the answer. ② 在be动词之后，如：The little boy is often late for class. ③ 第一助动词之后，如：This book has almost been finished. ④ 在单独使用的be动词和助动词之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can.但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间，如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词

词组作宾语则才可以这样用：

He heard clearly what the teacher said.

［误］ The children came late yesterday to the cinema.

［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday.

［析］ 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。

［误］ You have few new books, haven't you?

［正］ you have few new books, have you?

［析］ 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少，几乎没有)，a few(有一些，几个)；修饰不可数名词的有little (很少，几乎没有)，a little(有一点，有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。

［误］ He spent quite little money on his food.

［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food.

［析］ quite a 为一固定用法，其意为"十分，相当，所以"。 quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few.

［误］ Do you want to have many bread?

［正］ Do you want to have some bread?

［析］ some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词，在一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答复时，应用some。 其次是some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。

［误］ Please tell me where the shoes shop is?

［正］ Please tell me where the shoe shop is.

［析］ 在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时，这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如：

a shoe shop 鞋店

a fruit shop 水果店

a book shop 书店

a post office 邮局

a police station 警察局

a bus stop 汽车站

［误］ He is weak at physics.

［正］ He is weak in physics.

［析］ 在表达擅长于作某事时用be good at something, 而其反意词为be bad at something， 但be weak in something。

［误］ This dictionary is worth to buy.

［正］ This dictionary is worth buying.

［析］ be worth 后可接动、名词表达值得作某事，又可接价格、金钱表示值多少钱。

［误］ Don't afraid of that.

［正］ Don't be afraid of that.

［析］ afraid 在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词组还有：

be afraid of 害怕 be careful of 小心

be certain of 有把握，确定 be sure of 确信

be glad of 高兴 be sick of 厌恶

be fond of 喜欢

［误］ The work has already been done well.

［正］ The work has already been well done.

［析］ well 与badly作副词时，表示好坏，如果句子是被动语态，则应放在过去分词之前，如：This machine has been badly damaged. 如果句子是主动语态，则应放于句末，如：I did my homework well.

［误］ We are yet in the classroom now.

［正］ We are already in the classroom now.

［析］ already主要用于肯定句，而yet多用于否定句和疑问句中，如：

Did you finish it? No. not yet.

［误］ Look. Here comes he!

［正］ Look! Here he comes!

［误］ Look! Here the bus comes!

［正］ Look! Here comes the bus!

［析］ 在句子开头用Here时，如主语是人称代词则不要用倒装语序，如果主语是名词则要用倒装语序。

［误］ She is my older sister.

［正］ She is my elder sister.

［析］ elder 和eldest是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，而older, oldest 则是指岁数大多少，如：She is three years older than I.

［误］ I'm tired. I can't go further.

［正］ I'm tired. I can't go farther.

［析］ far有两个比较级 farther 较远的，further 进一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要进一步的解释吗?当然它也有两个最高级。farthest和furthest.

［误］ I went to Beijing University five years before.

［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago.

［析］ ago常与过去时连用，而before则多与完成时连用。

［误］ - Have you finished your homework?　

- No, not already.

［正］ - Have you finished your homework?　

- No, not yet.

［析］ 仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是already， yet 与 still。 要注意的是 already经常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。 而yet 多用于疑问句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still则常用于主语与谓语动词之间，如：We still can't decide what to do. 但也有时用于be 动词之后，如：He is still here.

［误］ He is very higher than I am.

［正］ He is much higher than I am.

［析］ much可以用来修饰比较级，而very则用来修饰形容词原级，如：I'm very tired.

［误］ - Can I walk to the station?　- You'd better not. It is very far.

［正］ - Can I walk to the station?　

- You'd better not, It is a long way.

［析］ for一般用在疑问句与否定句中，如：How far is it from here to the station? 又如：It isn't far.

［误］ I've ever been to America.

［正］ I've been to America once.

［析］ once 多用于肯定句，而ever则用于疑问句，否定句，及条件状语从句中，如：Have you ever been to London?

［误］ - Could you pass the exam this time?　

- No, I am not afraid so.

［正］ - Could you pass the exam this time?　

- No, I'm afraid not.

［析］ 在肯定的答语中我们可以用so来代替上句所讲的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答语中，英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 与 afraid后则常用not， 如：I hope not.

［误］ She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pass the exam.

［正］ She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pass the exam.

［析］ enough 可以作名词用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well. (对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。)另外它可以作为形容词，如：I have enough money (or money enough) to buy this dictionary. 注意 enough作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后，在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough 作为副词用，那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。

［误］ You can't be very careful.

［正］ You can't be too careful.

［析］ 此句话的含意是你如何小心也不过分。too…to的用法是"太……以至于不能作某事"。但在实际应用时也常常将后面的to省去，如：It is too expensive for me.那对我来讲是太贵了。

［误］ He is good past fifty.

［正］ He is well past fifty.

［析］ well 作为副词用时除用于"好"之外还有"大大地、远远地"，等意。往往有人对下面两句的对或错有争议；

He is well.

He is good.

其实这两句都是正确的表达法，只不过其含意不同。He is well是"他身体不错"，而He is good 则为"他是个好人"。

［误］ She is not as half clever as her brother.

［正］ She is not half as clever as her brother.

［析］ 在as…as结构中要将修饰形容词的数量词倍数及nearly, almost, exactly… 等置?于第一?个as之前。

［误］ He is same age as Tom.

［正］ He is the same age as Tom.

［析］ the same…as是固定的用法，其中定冠词the是不可省也不能换成别的词的。

［误］ Mother and her daughter are exactly like.

［正］ Mother and her daughter are exactly alike.

* like 作为介词，其意为"像"，应用于 look like, be like, sound like, 其后要加宾语。而 ?alike? 是形容词，或副词，如: You and I think alike. The twins are dressed alike。 但 alike 仅作表语而不能用于名词前作定语。

［误］ Who is taller of the two?

［正］ Who is the taller of the two?

［析］ 两者的比较级之前要加定冠词。

［误］ I have less books than Tom.

［正］ I have fewer books than Tom.

［析］ less 是 little的比较级，而fewer是few的比较级。less后应加不可数名词而fewer后是可数名词。

［误］ There are three girls in my group. The cleverer is Mary.

［正］ There are three girls in my group. The cleverest is Mary.

［析］ 在两者之间应用比较级，在三者之间或三者以上的范围内应用最高级。

［误］ The boy sat there as quiet as his sister.

［正］ The boy sat there as quietly as his sister.

［析］ as…as的用法要注意的是：①在其中间应加形容词或副词的原级，而不可加比较级，也有的语法书中称为同级比较。②要根据句意决定是加形容词还是副词，这要看它具体是修饰动词还是名词而定，如：He is as good as his friend.

［误］ The harder you study, and you can learn more.

［正］ The harder you study, the more you can learn.

［析］ 英文中如果要表达越来越怎样，在初中范围有两种表达法：①比较级+and+比较级。②定冠词+比较级……，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。 要注意的是多音节形容词的比较级前要加more，这样的用法是：more and more 加形容词，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful.

［误］ Studying physics is not so interesting as to learn English.

［正］ Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English.

［析］ 在作比较时，英语一般要求对比的两部分结构应一致。如用动名词，应都用动名词，用不定式时则都用不定式。但有时在后一个不定式前的符号to可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as (to) buy a new one.

［误］ The girl is more cleverer than the boy.

［正］ The girl is much more clever (much cleverer) than the boy.

［析］ clever有两个比较级：cleverer和more clever,要注意的是不能用比较级来修饰比较级。clever的两个比较级也各有不同之处，如用在两种不同性质的比较时多用more clever,如：He is more clever than honest. (他的聪明要远远超过其诚实。)

［析］ The boy is the tallest to the three.

［正］ The boy is the tallest of the three.

［析］ 最高级的范围要用of加复数形式或加集合名词。

［误］ This book is one of the most useful dictionary.

［正］ This book is one of the most useful dictionaries.

［析］ 在one of 后面最高级形容词后要加可数名词复数。

［误］ This dictionary is the much best one of the English?Chinese dictionaries.

［正］ This dictionary is much the best one of the English?Chinese dictionaries.

［析］ 在修饰最高级时应用 far/by far/much 加the加最高级。但very例外，如：He is the very best player in the team.

［误］ Shanghai is bigger than any other cities in China.

［正］ Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.

［析］ 在比较级中表示比较对象时如用any other其后一般要加单数名词。

［误］ Most of stories in this book are written in English.

［正］ Most of the stories in this book are written in English.

［正］ Most stories in this book are written in English.

［析］ "大多数"一词的表达法有most of the +名词，或most+名词。当用前一种结构时，其后面的定冠词不可少。

［误］ The temperature of that room is higher than this room.

［正］ The temperature of that room is higher than that of this room.

［析］ 比较级用于两句话之间时，比较的部分不可省略掉，但为了避免重复，一般都要用that代替前面的单数名词，而用those代替前面的复数名词，如：The books in that box are bigger than those in this box。

［误］ He is no more here. Maybe he is at home.

［正］ He is no longer here. Maybe he is at home.

［析］ no more在现代英语中多译为："从此再也不会了"，如：His voice is no more here. 他已经去世了，他的声音不可能再出现了。而用no longer 表达目前的状态。要注意下面几组句子的实际含意：This room is no cleaner than that one.即两间屋子都不干净。(两者都不干净) This room is not cleaner than that one,即这屋子不如那间干净。(前者不如后者干净。即一间干净，一间不干净。)

(三) 例题解析

1? I think Chinese is ＿＿＿ than maths.　

A. interesting B? more interesting　

C. most interesting D. the most interesting

［答案］ B.

［析］ 在有than作比较的句子中应用形容词的比较级。

2? - What does Lucy like better, singing or dancing?　

- Singing. of course. She's known to ＿＿＿ it.　

A. be good at B. be good for

C. be bad at D. be bad for

［答案］ A.

［析］ be good at为固定搭配，意为"擅长作某事"。初中英语中有些这样的固定用法应记牢，而不能似是而非。如：be good at, be bad at, be poor in, be week in, be fit for

3? The Huang He River is one of ＿＿＿ in China.　

A. The long river B. the longest river　

C. the longest rivers D. the longer river

［答案］ C.

［析］ 在one of + 定冠词+最高级之后的名词应用复数形式。

4? The girl was ＿＿＿ afraid ＿＿＿ she threw her bag away.　

A. so, that B. too, to C. too, that D. enough, to

［答案］ A.

［析］ so…that为"如此怎样以至于如何"，此句意思是：小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而too…to的意思为"如何如何，以至于不能作某事"。但to的后面是动词原形，而不是从句。

5? It was ＿＿＿ yesterday than today.　

A. hot B. hoter

C. hotter D. the hottest

［答案］ C.

［析］ 用than表达比较的句中应用比较级 。

6? Which subject do you like ＿＿＿ , English Chinese or maths?　

A. best B. well

C. better D. good

［答案］ A.

［析］ 在两者之间应用比较级，而在三者之间或三者以上用最高级。

7? None of the students watched it ＿＿＿ .　

A. careful enough B. enough carefully

C. carefully enough D. enough careful

［答案］ C.

［析］ 首先应判定是选用用来修饰名词的形容词还是用来修饰动词的副词。这里是修饰watch这一动词，应选用副词。当enough用来修饰副词或形容词时应放于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。

8? ＿＿＿ she eats, ＿＿＿ she'll be.　

A. More…fat B. The more…fatter　

C. More…the fatter D. The more…the fatter

［答案］ D.

［析］ the+比较级表示"越来越……"本句应译为：她吃得越多，她就会越胖。

9? I don't think English is ＿＿＿ Chinese.　

A. as important as B. not important as　

C. not so important D. important as

［答案］ A.

［析］ think+宾语从句时，应采用否定主句的形式，如：中文讲，"我认为你不对"，英文应为："我不认为你对"。 I don't think you are right. 所以不能选答案B。而C、D均为不正确的表达法。

10? Miss Gao is a good English teacher. The students in her class ＿＿＿ English.　A. are interested in B. are interesting in　

C. are interested at D. are interesting to

［答案］ A.

［析］ 过去分词常用来修饰人，而现在分词常用来修饰物，如：an interesting book， 实际上过去分词含有被动之意，如：interested 其含意是"被……所吸引，感动"。而interesting 则为"使人感兴趣的"，如：an interesting man 一个有趣、风趣的人。

11? The twins are together most of the time. So they never feel ＿＿＿ .　

A. alone B. lonely

C. happily D. friendly

［答案］ B.

［析］ alone意为"独自的，一个人的"，它只能作表语不能作定语。I am not alone in doing such a thing.而lonely 意为"寂寞的，孤单的"，如：The old man felt lonely. 要体会两个词的区别，如：The old man lived alone, but he didn't feel lonely.

12? What a ＿＿＿ cough! You seem ＿＿＿ ill.　

A. terrible, terribly B. terribly, terrible　

C. terrible, terrible D. terribly, terribly

［答案］ A.

［析］ terrible是形容词，而terribly是副词，第一个空是修饰名词的，所以应填入形容词。第二个空ill是形容词，这里terribly 是用来修饰ill的。

13? The two friends were ＿＿＿ pleased to see each other that they forgot everything. 　A. so B. too

C. very D. much

［答案］ A.

［析］ 这里用的是so…that的固定搭配。

14? Which is ＿＿＿ , Li Lei's box or Han Meimei's box?　

A. heavy B. heavier

C. more heavier D. the heaviest

［答案］ B.

［析］ 两者之间用比较级，三者或以上用最高级。

15? You don't like the same colours and I don't like them, ＿＿＿ .　

A. too B. also

C. either D. neither

［答案］ C.

［析］ 在否定句中也应用either, 而不要用too，因too用于肯定句中。

16? Jim is ＿＿＿ at all his lessons. And I'm sure he'll do very ＿＿＿ in the exams.　

A. well, good B. good, well

C. well, well D. good, good

［答案］ B.

［析］ good为形容词，如：He is good. 他是个好人。而well作为身体状况的好坏讲时是形容词，如：He is well为他身体不错，而作为其他意思时为副词，如：He speaks English well.

17? You look ＿＿＿ than before， why?　

A. more thin B. more thinner

C. much more thin D. much thinner

［答案］ D.

［析］ 多音节形容词才用more或most加形容词来表示其比较级或最高级，而thin的比较级为thinner。

18? Let's go out for supper now. I'm very ＿＿＿ .　

A. hungry B. angry

C. tired D. thirsty

［答案］ A.

［析］ hungry-饿，angry-生气，tired-紧，疲劳，thirsty-口渴。要注意名词的词义。

19? - Can you understand me?　

- Sorry, I can ＿＿＿ understand you.　

A. hardly B. almost

C. even D. ever

［答案］ A.

［析］ hardly为一否定词，用在句中时应被看作是否定句。在答语中Sorry决定了其意为"听不明白"，所以只能选 hardly。

20? "＿＿＿ do you write to your penfriend?"　

"About twice a month."　

A. How often B. How soon

C. How much D. How long

［答案］ A.

［析］ how often用来提问某一动作经多久就要发生一次，也就是提问发生的频率。how soon是问从现在起还有多久。

21? Changjiang River is ＿＿＿ river in China? 　

A. long B. longer

C. longest D. the longest

［答案］ D.

22? I'll work ＿＿＿ I can.　

A. so hardly as B. so hard as

C. as hardly as D. as hard as

［答案］ D.

［析］ hard可用作形容词和副词，如：The desk was made of hard wood? 又如：It is raining hard。 而 hardly 是副词，其词义是"几乎不"，如：Hardly did I sleep last night. 我昨晚几乎没有睡觉。而且hardly用于句首时要采用倒装语序。as…as即可以用于肯定句，也可以用于否定句，但so…as则只能用于否定句中。

23? It is very ＿＿＿ to listen to him.　

A. interested B. interesting

C. interested in D. interest

［答案］ B.

［析］ interest作为名词有两个词义，①兴趣，②银行中所讲的利息。而其形容词 interesting是"使人感兴趣的"，而interested是"感兴趣的"如：He is interested in English.

24? Things are ＿＿＿ worse than I thought.　

A. more B. few

C. very D. much

［答案］ D.

［析］ 只有much可以修饰比较级。

25? It is one o'clock, but her father hasn't come back ＿＿＿ .　

A. already B. still

C. too D. yet

［答案］ D.

［析］ 完成时的否定句尾要用yet， 而already则用于肯定句。

26? Comrade Chen is ＿＿＿ older than I. 　

A. very B. more

C. much D. quite

［答案］ C.

［析］ 只有much可以修饰比较级。可以修饰比较级的词还有much, far, even a little, by far等。

27? She did her homework ＿＿＿ .　

A. carefully B. careful

C. care D. careless

［答案］ A.

［析］ 这里应填入副词，而careless是由care加less后辍得来的，less意为"没有"，是否定之意，如：careless-不小心，homeless-无家可归。而carefully为副词。

28? They can't answer the question in Japanese; we can't answer it, ＿＿＿ .　A. also B. too

C. either D. neither

［答案］ C.

29? - How are your parents?　

- They are very ＿＿＿ , thank you.　

A. good B. kind

C. well D. happy

［答案］ C.

［析］ 由问句得知其询问的是身体如何，所以well作为身体状况不错时应视为形容词。30? Peter runs ＿＿＿ in our class.　

A. the fast B. faster

C. fastest D. most fast

［答案］ C.

［析］ 副词的最高级前可以加定冠词，也可以不加定冠词。

31? We were all ＿＿＿ glad that we sang and danced.　

A. such B. so

C. very D. quite

［答案］ B.

［析］ 在so与that之间只有形容词时不可用such。

32? Kate sings ＿＿＿ Joan.　

A. as well as B. as good as

C. so good as D. as better as

［答案］ A.

［析］ 这里well为副词，意为"唱得好"。

33? This egg smells ＿＿＿ , though it looks all right.　

A. good B. well

C. bad D? badly

［答案］ C.

［析］ smell为系动词，其后应加形容词，而不是副词。同样的词，还有sound， feel, seem、become(变成)等等，如：Ice feels cold in winter.

34? Wait a minute, I have ＿＿＿ to tell you.　

A. something interested B. something interesting　

C. interesting something D. anything interesting

［答案］ B.

［析］ 修饰不定代词的修饰词要放在不定代词之后。

35? I shall visit you ＿＿＿ next year.　

A. sometimes B. sometime

C. some time D. some times

［答案］ B.

［析］ sometimes 有时，sometime 某一时刻，some time 一段时间， some times 若干次

36? My sister said she would try to speak ＿＿＿ English every day.　

A. a little B. a few

C. litttle D. few

［答案］ A.

［析］ little修饰不可数名词，而a little意为"一些，一点"。

37? I have ＿＿＿ friends here and I often visit them.　

A. few B. little

C. a few D. a little

［答案］ C.

［析］ a few意为"有些"，few后面要加可数名词复数。

38? Of all these books, do you think, which one is ＿＿＿ ?　

A. interesting B. much interesting　

C. more interesting D. the most interesting

［答案］ D.

［析］ Of all these books 是用来表示最高级的范围

5. -　＿＿＿is the meat. Please?

-　Ten yuan a kilo.

A　 How much　 B How many　 C How old　 D How long

　 ［答案］A.

［析］由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how much 提问。

　 6 The boy's name is James Allen Green. So his given name is＿＿＿.

A　 James Allen　 B　 Allen Green　 C　 James Green　 D　 Mr. Green

［答案］A.

［析］英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.

　 7　 Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.

A　 city　 B　 city's　 C　 citys　 　D　 cities

［答案］D.

［析］复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。

　 8　 Would you please pass me＿＿＿?

A two paper　 　　B two papers

C two pieces of paper　 D two pieces of papers

［答案］C.

［析］paper是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词piece.

　 9 September 10th is ＿＿＿Day.

A　 Teacher　 B Teachers　 C Teacher's　 D Teachers'

［答案］D.

10　 I only have＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.

A　 a bit　 B　 a bit of　 C　 little　 D　 few

［答案］B.

11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“I'd like two＿＿＿.”

A　 glass of milk　 B glasses of milk

C glass of milks 　D　 glasses of milks

［答案］B.

12 There isn't ＿＿＿ paper in the box. Will you go and get ＿＿＿ for　 me?

A　 any, some　 B any, any　 C some, some　 D some, any

［答案］A.

［析］any用于否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.　

13 June 1st is＿＿＿.

A Children's day　 B children's Day

C Children's Day　 D children's day

［答案］C.

14 These foreign friends are＿＿＿.

A German　 B　 Germen　　 C　 Germany　　 D Germans

［答案］D.

15 All the students are busy, so＿＿＿ of them will go to the cinema.

A　　 many　 B　 little　　 C a few　 D few

［答案］D.

［析］student是可数名词，而few用于可数名词，意为：几乎没有学生去电影院。

　 16 There are three＿＿＿and seven＿＿＿in the picture.

A　 deers,　 sheeps　 B deers, sheep

C deer, sheep　 Ddeer,　 sheeps

［答案］C.

［析］deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。

17 Whose room is this? It's＿＿＿.

A　 my　　 　　B　 Kike's and John's

C　 our　　　 D　 Kike and John's

［答案］D.

［析］因为room为单数，所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间，应为二者共用的一间房子。

4. How many ＿＿＿can you see in the picture?

A tomatos　 B tomatoes　 C　 tomato　 D the tomato

　 ［答案］B.

［析］用How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而tomato的复数要加es.

3. Hurry up!There is＿＿＿ time left.

A little　 B　 a little　 C　 few　 D　 a few

　 ［答案］A.

［析］因time作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few，a few来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little而不用a little.

2. Which is the ＿＿＿to the bus stop， please?

A　 road B　 way C street D address

［答案］B.

［析］这是考察同意词辨析，road是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”，而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road. 　I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way to the National Museum?

1. Lucy and Lily＿＿＿in the same class.

A.　　 am　 B. is　 C. are　 D. be

［答案］C.

［析］由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。

9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s'，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's，如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用's，如：a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers

(二) 正误辨析

［误］Please give me a paper.

［正］Please give me a piece of paper.

［析］不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.

［误］Please give me two letter papers.

［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.

［析］paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.

［误］My glasses is broken.

［正］My glasses are broken.

［误］I want to buy two shoes.

［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.

［析］英语中glasses-眼镜，shoes-鞋，trousers-裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.

［误］May I borrow two radioes?

［正］May I borrow two radios?

［析］以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo-zoos,piano-pianos.

［误］This is a Mary's dictionary.

［正］This is Mary's dictionary.

［析］如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。

［误］There are much people in the garden.

［正］There are many people in the garden.

［析］可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而people是可数名词，而且是复数名词，如：The people are planting trees here.

［误］I want a few water.

［正］I want a little water.

［析］不可数名词前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some来修饰，但不可用many,few来修饰。

［误］Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.

［正］Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.

［误］Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us.

［正］Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us.

［误］I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me.

［正］I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me.

［析］集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class, team等。

［误］Don't eat too much meats.

［正］Don't eat too much meat.

［误］Food in that restaurant is very good.

［正］The food in that restaurant is very good.

［析］物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.

［误］Please give me two waters.

［正］Please give me two glasses of water.

［正］Please give me two coffees.

［析］物质名词如要加计量时，一定要加量词，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,

　a piece of bread,a box of sugar,

a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,

a bag of earth

例： I'll tell you a piece of good news.

但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee.

［误］Can you give me the newspaper of today?

［正］Can you give me today's newspaper?

［析］加's构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用's来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes' walk.

［误］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.

［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.

［析］英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，

如： room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林

［误］There is a flowers garden behind my house.

［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.

［析］名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。

［误］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.

［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.

［析］英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。

［误］Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.

［正］Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.

［析］英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。

［误］I offered my son my congratulation on his success.

［正］I offered my son my congratulations on his success.

［析］英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.

［误］We have five German in this meeting.

［正］We have five Germans in this meeting.

［析］英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。

［误］There are two As in this word.

［正］There are two A's in this word.

［析］在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s，但如字母是A、I时，为了防止与As和Is相混，则要用's即A's，I's

［误］There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.

［正］There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number.

［析］在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用's

［误］We have many woman teachers in our school.

［正］We have many women teachers in our school.

［析］一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如：

half brother-half brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in law-daughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man driver-men drivers(男司机) woman doctor-women doctors(女大夫)grown up-grown ups(成年人) 但是boy student-则变为boy students

［误］Physics are very difficult to learn.

［正］Physics is very difficult to learn.

［析］虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)　 其他名词：news(消息，新闻)

［误］There is a people in the room.

［正］There is a person in the room.

［正］There is a man in the room.

［析］people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。

［误］Where is my shoe?

［正］Where are my shoes?

［析］常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Where's my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)

［误］I paid five pennies for the sweet.

［正］I paid five pence for the sweet.

［析］英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。

［误］There are many fruit in the shop.

［正］There are many fruits in the shop.

［析］物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。

［误］There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's.

［正］There is a new car. It is Jone and Mary's.

［析］有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加’s，如：children's palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加's如：girl friend -girl friend's someone else-someone else's a week or three-a week or three's如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加's，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。

［误］It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.

［正］It is really beautiful. It is a Nature's work.

［析］无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示长度的词：three metres' distance, a boat's length， twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds' weight价格名词：two dollars'worth拟人化的名词：Nature's work, nature's　 lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the university's library

［误］He is an old friend of my father.

［正］He is an old friend of my father's.

［析］这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Tom's.

［误］My father is a good cooker.

［正］My father is a good cook.

［析］一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach(教)-teacher(老师),think(想)-thinker(思想家),drive(开车)-driver(司机),sell(卖)-seller(卖物者)……但不能总是以此类推，比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲，而cooker则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。

［误］The young is dancing there.

［正］The young are dancing there.

［析］英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。

［误］The stories of the book was written many years ago.

［正］The stories of the book were written many years ago.

［析］这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。

［误］This is one of the English?Chinese dictionary.

［正］This is one of the English?Chinese dictionaries.

［析］one of意为“……之一”，of后面的名词要用复数形式。

［误］Let's go to uncle Wang for supper.

［正］Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper.

［析］uncle Wang's 意为“王叔叔家”，doctor's意为“医院或私人诊所”。

［误］I think we will make a friend with each other.

［正］I think we will make friends with each other.

［析］make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。

［误］I want to tell you much pieces of good news.

［正］I want to tell you many pieces of good news.

［析］news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.

［误］The teacher with five students are coming here.

［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.

［析］要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。

［误］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.

［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.

［析］information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.

［误］Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.

［正］Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.

［析］many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。

［误］The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.

［正］The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.

［析］英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词：cloth是物质名词，意为“布”，没有复数形式，而clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚礼服。

［误］I like to study the English.

［正］I like to study English.

［析］作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America.

［误］The Browns is going to visit China.

［正］The Browns are going to visit China.

［析］定冠词加姓加s，则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。

(三) 例题解析