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1. It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型  She had said what it was necessary to say.  2. 强调句型采集者退散  It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.  3. "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词)  He was all gentleness to her.  4. 利用词汇重复表示强调  A crime is a crime a crime.  5. "something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of"  "something of"相当于"to some extent",表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中,则为"anything of",可译为"有点","略微等。""译为毫无","全无"。"much of"译为"大有","not much of"可译为"算不上","称不上","little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像,略似。"  They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.  6. 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物,"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语,以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father",可译为:"她那骗子般的父亲"。  Those pigs of girls eat so much.  7. as…as…can(may)be  It is as plain as plain can be.  8. "It is in(with)…as in(with)"  It is in life as in a journey.  9. "as good as…"相等于,就像,几乎如;实际上,其实,实在。  The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.  10."many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many  as well…as"可译为"与其……,不如……,更好","以这样做……为宜","如同……,也可以……"等等。"might as well…as"表示不可能的事,可译为"犹如……","可与……一样荒唐","与其那样不如这样的好"等等。  One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.  11."to make…of"的译法(使……成为……,把……当作)  I will make a scientist of my son.  12. oo…+不定式",not(never)too…+不定式","too…not+不定式  She is too angry to speak.  13. only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so 和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中,不定式也没有否定意义,凡是"not","all""but等字后+"too…to,"不定式都失去了否定意义,在"too ready(apt) +to do"结构中,不定式也没有否定意义。  You know but too yell to hold your tongue.  14. "no more …than…"句型  A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.  15. "not so much…as"和"not so much as …"结构,"not so much…as"="not so much as …",其中as有进可换用but rather,可译为:"与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"not so much as"="without(not)even,"可译为"甚至……还没有"。  The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.  16. "Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"结构,"Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"都具有最高级比较的意思,"Nothing I"可换用"no","nobody","nowhere","little","few","hardly","scarcely"等等,可译为"没有……比……更为","像……再没有了","最……"等。  Nothing is more precious than time.  17. "cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"It is impossible to overdo…"或者,即"无论怎样……也不算过分"。"not"可换用"hardly","scarcely"等,"too"可换用"enough","sufficient"等。  You cannot be too careful.  18. "否定+but "结构,在否定词后面的"but",具有"which not","who not","that not",等等否定意义,构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等。  Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.  19. "否定+until (till)"结构,在否定词"no","not","never","little","few","seldom"等的后边所接用的 "until/ till",多数情况下译为"直到……才……","要……才……",把否定译为肯定。  Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.  20. "not so…but"和"not such a …but"结构,这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多,不同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词,表示程度。可译为"还没有……到不能做……的程度","并不是……不……","无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。  He is not so sick but he can come to school.  21. "疑问词+should…but"结构,这个结构表示过去的意外的事,意为"none…but",可译为"除了……还有谁会……","岂料","想不到……竟是……"等。  Who should write it but himself?  22. "who knows but (that)…"和"who could should…but"结构,这个结构是反问形式,一般意译为"多半","亦未可知"等等,有时也可直译。  Who knows but (that) he may go?  23. "祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构,"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…","祈使名+or"表示"if…not…,you。  24. "名词+and"结构,在这个结构中,名词等于状语从句,或表示条件,或表示时间。  A word, and he would lose his temper

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7. (1)四;VIII  (2)       (3)3Fe3O4+8Al4Al2O3+9Fe

  (4)2Al+2OH-+2H2O==2AlO2-+3H2↑ (5)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2

  (6)镁带剧烈燃烧,放出耀眼的光,瓶壁出现白色固体和黑色颗粒;

     2Mg+CO22MgO+C

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7. A、B、C、D、E、F是常见单质,其中A是用量最大,应用最广泛的金属;元素D是地壳中含量最多的金属元素;D元素和E元素在周期表中相邻。G、H、I、J、K、L是常见化合物,其中G在常温下是无色液体,H是黑色固体。以上物质相互间的转化关系如下图所示:

请回答下列问题:

(1)元素A在元素周期表中的位置为     周期     族。

(2)写出K的电子式     

(3)写出H和D反应的化学方程式          

(4)D能与氢氧化钠溶液反应,请写出该反应的离子方程式       

(5)写出A与G反应的化学方程式            

(6)K与E反应时产生的现象有                    

该反应的化学方程式为          ▲         

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6. (1)HNO3  Ag   (每空1分)

   (2)氧气  氢氧化铜悬浊液(或其他合理答案)  (每空2分)

   (3)①4Ag++2H2O = 4Ag↓+4H++O2↑ (2分)

  ②HCHO+2Ag(NH3)2++2OH    HCOO+NH4++2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O  (2分)

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6. 下图是一些常见物质间的转化关系图,图中所有物质含有的元素中只有一种不是短周期元素,所有反应物、生成物及溶液中的水均未标出,反应②中还有3种产物未标出,x是室内装潢材料中产生的主要有害气体之一,G是由四种元素组成的强碱。

回答下列问题:

(1)写出下列物质的化学式:B        、C       

(2)列举两种能氧化x的物质(单质、化合物各一种)              

(3)写出反应①②的离子方程式:

                             

                             

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5. (14分)(1)Fe、C、Si、Al   (2)NO2、Fe(OH)3 (3)     (4) C +4 HNO3(浓)===CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

(5)2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O ==2NaAlO2 + 3H2  或Si + 2NaOH + H2O ==Na2SiO3 + 2H2(6)SiO32- + 2H+ + H2O ==H4SiO4  或  AlO2- + H+ + H2O ==Al(OH)3

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5. 合金A由4种单质组成,经过一系列反应分别进入了沉淀或气体中.

 试回答:

 (1)合金A由哪4种元素的单质组成?_________、________、________、_________.

 (2)写出红棕色气体和红褐色沉淀的化学式                 

(3)写出溶液C、沉淀D有关组成的化学式:C_________、D_________

(4)写出红热固体与浓硝酸反应得化学方程式                 

(5)写出合金A中的有关组成与过量烧碱溶液反应生成无色气体E的化学反应方程式:(只写一个)______ ___________________________________________________.

 (6)写出向无色溶液C加适量盐酸生成白色沉淀D有关反应的离子方程式:(只写一个)__________________________________________________________________________.

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4. ⑴ Al2O3  CO(NH2)2  ⑵ N2+Al2O3+3C3CO+2AlN

⑶ AlN+OH+H2O=AlO2+NH3↑  ⑷ ④⑦

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4. 下图涉及多种无机化工反应,其中R是一种新型无机材料,M是一种应用广泛的金属材料,F是人工合成的第一种有机物,且是一种常见的化学肥料,A、C、D、M均为常见元素的单质,“↑”表示该物质常温下是气体,反应G+J→F+H2O中G与J的最佳配比为2∶1,向Y溶液中通入足量的J气体时可得到一种白色胶状沉淀,将该白色胶状沉淀滤出洗净后加热分解可以得到B。

⑴ 试写出下列指定物质的化学式:B_________________,F_____________。

⑵ 反应①的化学方程式为___________________________________________。

⑶ 反应④的离子方程式为___________________________________________。

⑷ 上述反应中属于非氧化还原反应的有_____________(填写相应反应的序号)。

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3. ⑴ NO  Ag(NH3)2OH

⑵①  4Ag++2H2O 4Ag↓+4H++O2

⑦  CO2+2AlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+CO32

⑶ Al4SiC4+2N24AlN+SiC+3C

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