2、 探究2
从以上讨论知:第定涉及的操作主要有待测液的定量取用和标准液的逐步滴加。
讨论引导:
⑴归纳定量取用液体的仪器及通常用作反应器的仪器,从本实验的特点进行分析选择。
⑵从误差分析角度思考定量取用液体仪器及反应器的洗涤方法。
小结
⑴确定V(HCl)与V(NaOH)仪器:碱式(酸式)滴定管(精度0.01);洗涤:先用蒸馏水洗,然后用标准液或待测液润洗。
⑵反应器:锥形瓶(便于振荡操作);洗涤:只用蒸馏水清洗。
教师在以上情景基础上设问:
选用稀盐酸中和NaOH溶液,然后利用关系HCl~NaOH计算,选择这样的思路解决NaOH浓度测定问题是否可行?如果不行,障碍在哪里?如果合理,需要解决哪些问题?
讨论小结:
依原理c(HCl).V(HCl) == c(NaOH).V(NaOH)需解决如下问题:
⑴需定量取一定体积的NaOH溶液(待测液);
⑵盐酸溶液的物质的量浓度是已知的(标准液);
⑶如何确定中和反应是否完全,从而确定所耗盐酸溶液体积V(HCl)。
1、探究1
向一定体积NaOH溶液(待测液)中滴加稀盐酸(标准液)时,如何确定中和是否完成?
思考引导:如何用最简单的方法鉴别NaOH、HCl、NaCl溶液。
方法小结:选用酸碱指示剂,通过其变色指示反应是否完成。
问题深入:教师给出酚酞、甲基橙的变色范围。酚酞在PH==8时,有浅红色变为无色;甲基橙在PH==4.3左右时由黄色变为橙色。
而HCl和NaOH恰好中和时PH = 7,这样是否会有很大误差呢?
教师设计:现向100mL0.1mol/LnaOH待测液中逐滴滴加稀盐酸,当加入0.1mol/L稀盐酸达99.9Ml或100.1Ml时,计算所的溶液PH(结果为9.7和4.3)。
由此得出什么结论?(多用或少用0.1mL盐酸时都会引起溶液PH的突变,从而引起指示剂颜色的突变,而对于100mL来说0.1mL的差别是完全可以接受的,在误差范围以内。)
小结:测定过程中需选用指示剂来指示反应终点。
⑴指示剂可选酚酞或甲基橙;
⑵滴定终点不等于恰好中和点,但在误差范围以内。
强调:指示剂变色后要等半分钟看是否变化。
现有一未知浓度的NaOH溶液,请思考如何测知其溶质物质的量浓度?
学生思维发散(课堂教学情况实录如下):
有的学生给出方法1:测溶液的PH。
有的学生给出方法2:取一定体积的NaOH溶液,蒸干结晶,称量出晶体的质量,然后计算。
还有学生给出方法3:取一定体积的NaOH溶液,向其中逐滴加入MgCl2溶液至过量,充分反应后,静置,过滤,洗涤,干燥,称量沉淀的质量,然后依关系Mg(OH)2 ~ 2NaOH计算。
教师设问:
如果选择方法3,如何能确认OH-已完全沉淀了呢?或者说,你如何知道MgCl2溶液已过量了呢?(方法:静置,在上层清液中滴加MgCl2溶液,看是否会有沉淀, 如没有,则反应已完全。)
第二节 写作(满分30分)
外籍教师Jack教过你班英语,回美国后,他一直惦记着你,现在你收到了他的电子邮件,在邮件中他询问你目前高三的学习和生活情况以及你高中毕业后的打算。假如你叫李华,请你根据以下内容要点给他回一封电子邮件。
要点: 学习生活紧张、有意义(上课、完成大量练习……);
其它学科好,数学弱(花较多时间学习数学、家人和老师鼓励……);
理想(上名校、学计算机、做电脑工程师……)。
注意:1. 词数为120左右;
2. 参考词汇:高考-The National College Entrance Examination
3. 邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好(不计入你所写词数);
4. 已给出的邮件的开头和结尾不得抄入答题卡。
Dear Jack,
I’m very glad to receive your e-mail.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二节 完形填空(共20小题;每小题1分,满分20分)
An elderly carpenter was ready to retire. He told his employer of his plans to 36 the house-building business to live a more 37 life with his wife and 38 his extended family. He would miss the paycheck(工资)each week, but he wanted to retire. They could 39 .
The employer was 40 to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one more house as a personal favor. The carpenter said yes, 41 over time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work. He used bad workmanship and 42 materials. It was an unfortunate way to 43 a dedicated(献身的)career.
When the carpenter finished his work, his employer came to 44 the house. Then he handed the front-door 45 to the carpenter and said, “This is your house.---my 46 to you.”
The carpenter was shocked!
What a 47 ! If he had only known he was building his own house, he would have done it all so differently.
48 it is with us. We build our lives, a day at a time, often putting 49 than our best into the building. Then, with a shock, we 50we have to live in the house we have built. If we could do it over, we would do it much differently.
But, you cannot 51 You are the carpenter, and every day you hammer a nail, place a board, or build a wall. Someone 52 said, “Life is a do-it-yourself project.” Your 53 and the choices you 54 today, help build the “house” you will live in tomorrow. Therefore, build 55!
36. A. continue B. start C. leave D. find
37. A. leisurely B. lonely C. orderly D. friendly
38. A support B. share C. enjoy D. care
39. A. go off B. get by C. pass on D. work away
40. A. polite B. nervous C. proud D. sorry
41. A. but B. while C. which D. before
42. A. perfect B.inferior(劣质的) C.superior D.tough
43. A. satisfy B. improve C. meet D. end
44. A. buy B. repair C. inspect D. sell
45. A. roof B. window C. key D. design
46. A. gift B. promise C. salary D. words
47. A. disappointment B. shame C. pleasure D. success
48. A. So B. Yet C. As D. Such
49. A. worse B. more C. rather D. less
50. A. realize B. explain C. think D. admit
51. A. step forward B. go back C. come out D. look around
52. A. never B. again C. once D. nearly
53. A. attitude B. experience C. skill D. advantage
54. A. learn B. take C. see D. make
55. A. badly B. wisely C. early D. confidently
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