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2.定语

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1.宾语补足语

    (一)宾语补足语的定义

    英语中有些及物动词,除了一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有:make(使),consider(认为),cause(引起),see(看见),find(发现),call(称为,叫做),get(让,使得),have(让,使得),let(让)等。

如:

    Electricity can make a machine run。电能使机器运转。

    We consider(或think) the answer (to be) correct.我们认为这个答案是对的。

    What he said made me very angry.他的话使我很生气。

    (二)宾语补足语的表现形式

    带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等)+直接宾语(名词或代词)+宾语补足语。

    宾语补足语在句中的9种表示法:

    (1)用名词(包括名词性物主代词)表示

    His father named him Tom.他父亲给他取名汤姆。

    We consider Mr Zhang an excellent teacher.我们认为张先生是位优秀的老师。

    (2)用形容词及其短语表示

    They painted their boat white.他们把船漆成了白色。

    We believed the report untrue.我们确认这个报告不真实。

    I saw him young and strong, and now he is old and worn.

    我看到他的时候,他年轻强壮,现在他已年老体弱。

    (3)用不定式及其短语表示

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.他不应该强迫他借钱给你。

Nobody noticed him enter the room.没有人注意到他进了屋子。

注:see, have, let, make, watch, notice, hear, observe等动词后的宾语补足语用不定式表示时,不可加to。help后的不定式可带也可不带to。

    (4)用现在分词及其短语表示

    We saw her entering the room.我们看见她正走进那个房间。

    I heard her singing an English song.我听见她在唱英语歌曲。

    (5)用过去分词及其短语表示

    They found Guilin greatly changed.他们发现桂林变化很大。

At that time we were there and saw it done.那时我们在那儿,并看见这事被做完。

    注:过去分词作宾语补足语时,宾语和它的关系是被动关系。

    (6)用as引出宾语补足语

    We take English as a useful tool for research work.

我们把英语当作研究工作的一种有用的工具。

I look upon him as my teacher.我把他看成我的老师。

    (7)用介词短语表示

    We found everything in the laboratory in good order.

    我们发觉实验室内每件东西都放得井井有条。

    Whenever you may go, you will find him at work.

    不论什么时候去,你都可以看见他在工作。

(8)用副词表示

    Let the fresh air in.让新鲜空气进来。

    I saw him out with his father.我看见他和他父亲外出了。

    (9)用从句表示

    We will soon make our city what your city is now.

    我们不久就要把我们的城市发展成你们城市目前的那个样子。

    The plant has its own name. You cannot call it what you will.

    这种植物有自己的名称。你不能随便称呼它什么。

    注:能在复合宾语中先用形式宾语it,然后再用真正宾语的动词并不多,常见的有think, find, consider, judge, feel, make, take等。

    They thought it right to do this test.

    他们原以为做这项试验是对的。(后面不定式为真正宾语)

    We all think it our duty that we should support him.

    我们都认为支持他是我们的职责。(后面从句是真正宾语)

    We find it necessary to master a foreign language.

    我们认为掌握一门外语是有必要的。(后面不定式短语为真正宾语)

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3. Not all ads are used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits.

并非所有的广告都被用来推动产品的销量,或增加公司的利润。

Not all=all not 并非所有的(部分否定),此句也可写为:

All ads are not used to promote a product or to increase a company’s profits. all的全部否定为none或nothing

No one.类似的还有both, each, not both(each)=both(each)

Not均为部分否定,both全部否定为neither, each全部否定为none, no one, nothing。如:

Not all the students smoke=All the students don’t smoke

并非所有的学生都吸烟。

None of us like that song我们一个也不喜欢那首歌。

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2.It has been proven again and that frequent advertising increases product sales.

事实已经一次次地证明经常做广告增加了产品的销售量。

It is (has been) proven 已被证明(后接that句)

It has been proven that more than 2000 people died in the war

已经被证实多于2000人死亡于这场战争。

类似表达有:It is / was hoped / said / announced / reported that……

人们希望/据说/已宣布/已报导……

It is said that the girl had been badly treated while

shopping yesterday=The girl is said to have been badly……

It is hoped that we’ll have a brighter future.

It was announced that Russia sent up another man-made satellite.

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1.You think the newspaper is to blame for this because…

    你认为因为这件事报社应受责备……

    注意to blame =should be blamed 应受责备。如:

    Who is to blame for breaking the window?

    谁应为打破窗子而受责?

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3.set off, set out与set about

(1)set off有“启程;出发”的意思,还可作“引起;使爆炸”解(例略)

(2)set out的意思是“开始;着手”后常接动词不定式。

如:

He set out to paint the whole house.他开始着手粉刷房子内外。

(3)set about的意思也是“开始;着手”但常接动名词作宾语。

如:

    She set about doing some cleaning after breakfast.她用过早餐后立即着手打扫卫生。

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2.spend, cost, pay, charge与offer

这几个词都表示“花费(金钱)”,但用法不一样。

(1)cost是以“物,事”为主语,常用于sth. cost (sb.) some money结构。

The cost cost her 20 yuan.这件外衣花了她20元。

注意:cost无被动语态。

(2)pay用于付款给别人,付一个帐单或者付几笔款项等,它是及物动词,宾语可以是“人”或“钱”的名词或代词。

Yesterday he paid the money he owed.他昨天还清了欠账。

(3)charge指收取别人多少钱,主语为人或旅馆等。

The hotel charged me £10 for a room for the night.

那家旅馆一间房一晚向我收费10英镑。

(4)offer出价,开价;提供,出售,“人”作主语。

We offered him the house for £1000.我们要价1000英镑卖给她那幢房子。

比较:We offered him £1000 for the house.我们出价1000英镑买他那幢房子。

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1.each与every

each强调“个体”,every强调“整体”,every只有一个词性,形容词,且every不接of短语,every只作定语,而each作定语,主语,宾语,同位语。如:

Each/Every pupil was given a pencil.每个学生发一枝铅笔。

Each of us has a Chinese-English dictionary.

我们每人都有一本汉英词典。

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10. beyond ①prep.在……的那边,远于;超过

I can’t see anything beyond the river because of fog.

He is such a naughty boy and is beyond my control.

Don’t stay out beyond 10 o’clock at night.

②adv.在更远处;再往后

From the top of the hill you can see a lake beyond.

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9. keep up维持,保持

I hope the weather will keep up.

The noise kept up for all night.

The good news keep our spirit up.

How do you keep this large house?

keep an eye out for sb./sth.留心或注意某人/物

keep a close watch on密切注意

keep away from避开,离开;keep back防止,隐瞒

keep on继续;keep off…离开,使不接近

keep out (of)不进去,置身于……外,从……离开

keep up with跟上,不落后;keep in touch with保持联系

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