5. 写作目的题

考查文章最后作者提到地方小商贩的目的是什么。

试题精解

4.　 词义句意题

考查第四段第一句Service has, in part, fallen victim to generational change的含义。

3. 推理引申题

(1) 第一段提到优化商务局报道全国各类投诉事件，第三段提到优化商务局受理投诉案件、聘用投诉顾问、解决争端。因此可以考查推理优化商务局是什么类型的组织？

(2) 第三段从多个层次分析顾客对劣质服务采取的对策，可以考查由此能推出的结论，如：［A］ 消费者更喜欢仲裁而不是上诉；［B］ 劣质服务现象严重的原因之一是消费者不能有效地维护权益；［C］ 法庭往往偏袒商家而不是顾客；［D］ 优化商务局处理投诉案件的效率很低。(答案：［B］)

2. 作者观点、态度题

(1) 可以考查作者认为改善劣质服务的方法是什么。

(2) 末段作者呼吁商家改善对顾客的服务，由此可以考查作者对商家及劣质服务现象的态度，参见试题5。

5.不少句子表意方式与语序体现了英美人的思维习惯

[例1] Few students of the Far East doubted that Japan intended to use the opportunity offered by the plight of Russia and Britain to grab the oil she desperately needed.

译文：研究远东问题的人几乎都认为日本打算利用俄国和英国的困境来攫取它迫切需要的石油。

分析：英语中有一种表达法，即由于上下文的行文关系，或句子结构的平行关系，有时用一个表示人的身分职业的名词，如teacher, student, singer, translator等来表示一个动作。像本句中students of the Far East和students of geography的表层结构虽然一样，但深层结构完全不同。后者是表身分，可译为“地理专业的学生”，而前者是表动作，应译为“研究远东问题的人”。

[例2] Cambridge University has nurtured great scientists, thinkers and poets such as Newton, Bacon, Milton, Byron and Darwin.

译文：剑桥大学培养出了诸如牛顿、培根、弥尔顿、拜伦、达尔文这样伟大的科学家、思想家和诗人。

分析：根据汉语习惯，列举事物，常常将一般的概念置于具体事例之后，而英语恰恰相反，先提出一般概念，而后用such as等词列举出具体事例，本句便是如此。所以翻译时，必须将数个列举的人物提前。

Unit Two

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

For thousands of Canadians, bad service is neither make-believe nor amusing. It is an aggravating and worsening real-life phenomenon that encompasses behavior ranging from indifference and rudeness to naked hostility and even physical violence. Across the country, better business bureaus report a lengthening litany of complaints about contractors, car dealers, and repair shops, moving companies, airlines and department stores. There is almost an adversarial feeling between businesses and consumers.

Experts say there are several explanations for ill feeling in the marketplace. One is that customer service was an early and inevitable casualty when retailers responded to brutal competition by replacing employees with technology such as 1-800 numbers and voice mail. Another factor is that business generally has begun placing more emphasis on getting customers than on keeping them. Still another is that strident, frustrated and impatient shoppers vex shop owners and make them even less hospitable-especially at busier times of the year like Christmas. On both sides, simple courtesy has gone by the board. And for a multitude of consumers, service went with it.

The Better Business Bureau at Vancouver gets 250 complaints a week, twice as many as five years ago. The bureau then had one complaints counselor and now has four. People complain about being insulted, having their intelligence and integrity questioned, and being threatened. One will hear about people being hauled almost bodily out the door by somebody saying things like “I don't have to serve you!”or “This is private property, get out and don't come back! ” What can customers do? If the bureau's arbitration process fails to settle a dispute, a customer's only recourse is to sue in claims court. But because of the costs and time it takes, relatively few ever do.

There is a lot of support for the notion that service has, in part, fallen victim to generational change. Many young people regard retailing　 as just a bead-end job that you're just going to do temporarily on your way to a real job. Young clerks often lack both knowledge and civility. Employers have to train young people in simple manners because that is not being done at home. Salespeople today, especially the younger ones, have grown up in a television-computer society where they've interacted largely with machines. One of the biggest complaints from businesses about graduates is the lack of inter-personal skills.

What customers really want is access. They want to get through when they call, they don't want busy signals, they don't want interactive systems telling them to push one for this and two for that-they don't want voice mail. And if customers do not get what they want, they defect. Some people go back to local small businesses: the Asian greengrocer, a Greek baker and a Greek fishmonger. They don't wear name tags, but one gets to know them, all by name.［490 words］

1?At a business place of bad service, the worst one can get is._________

［A］ indifference and rudeness　　　　　　　　　　　 ［B］ naked hostility and physical violence

［C］ having intelligence and integrity questioned　 ［D］ being insulted and threatened

2?One of the reasons for such ill feeling in the marketplace is that.________

［A］ shoppers are usually strident, frustrated and impatient

［B］ shoppers often take businesses to court

［C］ businesses use new technology instead of employees

［D］ businesses try every means to get customers

3　 What changes have taken place at Vancouver Better Service Bureau in the past five years?

［A］ More effective.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ［B］ Less bureaucracy.

［C］ More business.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 ［D］ Better staff.

4?Young clerks often lack interpersonal skills chiefly because they____________

［A］are skilled in dealing with machines, not people

［B］ are not trained in simple manners at home

［C］ fall victims to generational change

［D］ take retailing to be a temporary job

5?The author's attitude towards businesses and bad service is_________.

［A］ attacking　 ［B］ understanding　 ［C］ regretting　 ［D］ warning

核心词汇

defect　 n.［C］ 缺陷，瑕疵；不足之处 例：All the cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory.所有汽车在出厂之前都要检查有无缺陷。

vi. * to leave your own country or a group in order to go to or join an opposing one逃离；背叛，变节(后跟介词from) 例：She defected from the Liberals and joined the Socialists. 她脱离自由党，加入了社会党。

encompass vt. ① to completely cover or surround sth. 覆盖；包围，环绕 例：a reservoir encompassed by mountains群山环绕的水库 *② 包含，包括 例：The course will encompass physics, chemistry and biology.课程将包括物理、化学和生物学。

indifference　 n. *① lack of interest or concern不关心，不在乎 例：show indifference to personal affairs不计较个人的事 ② 不重要，无关紧要 例：a matter of indifference无关紧要的事；in?否定前缀，用于构成形容词和名词，表示“不，非，无” 例：insensitive a.不敏感，inability n.没办法，没能力

make?believe n. ［U］ 由动词短语make believe变过来的复合名词，意为“假装，假扮，虚构” 例：She told me that her parents are millionaires, but it?s all just make?believe.她告诉我她父母是百万富翁，但这一切都属子虚乌有。

超纲词汇

fishmonger　 n. 鱼贩，鱼商；monger n. 商人，贩子，如warmonger战争贩子

litany　 n.(对一系列事件、原因等)枯燥冗长的陈述 例：a litany of complaints喋喋不休的抱怨

recourse　 n. *① 求助，求援(的对象)；(得救的)办法、手段 例：get over difficulties without recourse to outside help不求外援克服困难 ②(法律上的)追索权

strident a.(说话声音)刺耳的，尖锐的，不和谐的

长难句分析

One is that customer service was an early and inevitable casualty when retailers responded to brutal competition by replacing employees with technology such as 1-800 numbers and voice mail.

该句主干是One is that…。that 引导的是表语从句，其中又嵌套了一个复合句：主句是customer service was an casualty, 从句是when引导的时间状语从句。

语篇分析

本文题材涉及商业服务，作者对加拿大存在的劣质服务现象予以剖析，并呼吁商家改善对顾客的服务。它是一篇现象解释型文章，按照“指出现象-解释现象-提出解决方案”的脉络展开论述，可以分成三大部分。

第一段为第一部分，指出现象：劣质服务成为加拿大日益严重的社会问题(aggravating and worsening real?life phenomenon)。

首句给出了文章要论述的话题(bad service)以及作者对它的严肃态度(neither make?believe nor amusing)。该段使用列举法，说明：①劣质服务的类型多样：从漠不关心(indifference)、粗俗无礼(rudeness)到不加掩饰的恶意(naked hostility)甚至身体暴力(physical violence)。②劣质服务涉及的行业众多(report a lengthening litany of complaints)。末句指出劣质服务造成的后果：商家和消费者之间几乎产生了一种敌对的情绪(adversarial feeling)。

4.句子较长，结构复杂

英译汉试题的划线部分共约150词，平均一句30词，且结构复杂，内容抽象，都是典型的长难句。英语长句主要长在修饰成分上，这些修饰成分可能是词、短语或从句，一个套一个连用，形成迂回曲折，层见叠出的长句结构。

[例] What seemed to concern many people as much as the squandered money and the deaths of young men for a cause in which they did not believe was the feeling that the war was doing something terrible to the fabric of society forcing the nation and its sons to betray the very ideals upon which the country had been founded.

译文：许多人觉得这场战争正在使社会的结构受到可怕的损害，强迫国家和它的子民背叛构成立国基础的理想。这种情况似乎如同花钱像流水、青年为了自己不信仰的事业白白送命一样使他们感到不安。

分析：此句长达60个词，为多重复合句。第一层是主句的主干结构：What seemed to concern many people... was the feeling... 。第二层是分别修饰主句主语和表语的从句结构。主语是what引导的主语从句what seemed to concern many people，其中含有as much as引导的比较状语从句修饰谓语concern，即concern many people as much as...，意为“如同……一样似乎让很多人不安的事”。表语feeling后是that引导的同位语从句，其主干结构是the war was doing something。第三层结构是forcing ...分词结构做状语，其中又包含了upon which引导的定语从句修饰ideals，直译为“国家建立基础的理想”。此外，该句用词也较抽象，如：fabric of society，the nation and its sons，betray the very ideals等。

3.后置定语长

英语句子中的中心词受很多修饰语修饰，最常见的是定语。英语的定语除了前置定语外，还有置于被修饰名词后的后置定语。前置定语往往由做修饰语的单词构成，后置定语则由短语或句子来充当。后置定语是汉语中没有的，因此是翻译定语从句的一个难点。

[例] There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

译文：所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

分析：句中concepts和techniques后分别有两个较长的形容词短语做后置定语，即peculiar to historical work in general和appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry。翻译时应按照汉语习惯前置。

2.抽象名词多

英语中大量名词特别是抽象名词的罗列增加了理解和翻译的难度。抽象名词是表达抽象概念的名词，它的翻译是一个非常复杂的问题, 需要根据上下文来具体地确定这些抽象名词的汉语表达。但是, 我们应该遵循一个基本的原则, 即把抽象意义具体化, 把抽象名词转化为具体名词或含有具体特指性的词。有时需要增词翻译或者改换说法。例如tension, complacency，unemployment这类抽象名词，译成汉语时可分别在“紧张”后面加上“局势”，“自满”后面增加“情绪”，“失业”后面补充“现象”，等等。

从历年考生答题的情况看，英译汉部分得分普遍不高。英译汉之所以难，究其根本原因是英汉之间的差异错综复杂，既有语言表达方式方面的不同，又有思维逻辑以及文化习俗等方面的不同，这些都造成理解和表达上的重重困难。英译汉的难点在试题中主要反映在以下几个方面：

1.词义的确定、句子的理解都依赖上下文

英汉两种语言，除一些专用名词、科技术语以外，绝对等值的词为数很少，原因主要是英语词汇一词多类、一词多义的现象。在多数情况下一个英语单词往往有好几个，甚至几十个意思，错综复杂。例如英语的like同时兼类动词、名词、介词和形容词，含义更是五花八门。因此，词义对上下文的依赖性较大。确定的、充分的词义必须到上下文中去寻找。如果只记住某个单词的一、两个基本意义，便不分场合，不加区别地套译原文，往往会使译文生硬难懂，甚至歪曲原义。因此，译者必须十分谨慎，要对原文的词义做深入细致的分析，根据上下文所构成的语言环境来确定词义，从而准确无误地译出原意。