完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，包括现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。

A.　　　 现在完成进行时

　 　1．现在完成进行时的构成

　　　 现在完成进行时是由“have/has been + 现在分词”构成的。

　 He is ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks.

　 他病了，已经卧床3个星期了。

　 Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?

　 你眼睛红了。你刚刚哭过了吗？

　 What have you been doing all this time?

　 这半天你干什么来着？

2．现在完成进行时的用法　　

　　 ①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在

　 现在完成进行时常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语连用。

　 I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.

　 我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。

　 She has been reciting the words all the morning.

　 她整个上午都在背单词。

　 This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.

　 这是我从小以来就一直期待着的事情。

　 ②表示动作刚刚结束

　 My clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain.

　 我的衣服全湿了，我刚才一直在雨中干活。

　 He is dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends.

　 他烂醉如泥，他刚才一直在和朋友们喝酒。

　 ③表示一个近期内时断时续、重复发生的动作

　 You've been saying that for five years.

　 这话你已经说了五年了。

　 He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.

　 自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊杂志撰稿。

　 ④表达较重的感情色彩

　 What have you been doing to my dictionary?

　 看你把我的字典弄成什么样子了！

　 Time has been flying so quickly!

　 时间过得可真快啊！

　 Too much has been happening today.

　 今天可真是个多事的日子。

　 3．　 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较

　 ①现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。

　 Have you been meeting him recently?

　 你最近常和他见面吗？

　 Have you met him recently?

　 你最近见到过他吗？

　 ②现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙。

　 I have been waiting for you for two hours.

　 我一直等了你两个小时。(可能表示不满)

　 I have waited for you for two hours.

　 我等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)

　 ③现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果。

　 Who has been eating the oranges?

　 谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？(还剩余一些)

　 Who has eaten the oranges?

　 谁把桔子吃光了？(强调吃得一个不剩)

B.过去完成进行时

　 1. 过去完成进行时的构成

　 过去完成进行时是由“had been + 现在分词”构成。

　 She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.

　 她在考试之前一直患重感冒。

　 Had they been expecting the news for some time?

　 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？

　 Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.

　 尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。

　　2. 过去完成进行时的用法

①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作

过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。

　 I had been looking for it for days before I found it.

　 这东西我找了好多天才找着的。

　 They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.

　 他们只等了一会儿车就来了。

　 ②表示反复的动作

　 He had been mentioning your name to me.

　 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。

　 You had been giving me everything.

　 你对我真是有求必应。

　 ③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中(详见第12章)

　 The doctor asked what he had been eating.

　 医生问他吃了什么。

　 I asked where they had been staying all those days.

　 我问他们那些天是待在哪儿的。

　 ④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when 分句

　 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.

　 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。

　 She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.　 她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。

　 3．过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较

　 She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.

　 她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。(强调结果)

　 She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.

　 她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。(强调动作一直在进行)

2. 将来完成时的用法

　 ①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。

　 We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.

　 到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。

　 By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

　 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

　 Will you soon have finished laying the table?

　 你会很快摆放好餐桌吗？

　 注意：

　 在时间状语从句中，不用将来完成时，要用现在完成时来代替。　

　 When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.

　 等我做完这件事时，我就做完我该做的所有的事了。

　 Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.

　 请待车停稳了再下车。

　 ②表示推测

　 You will have heard of this, I guess.

　 我想你已经听说过这件事了。

　 I am sure he will have got the information.

　 我相信他一定得到了这个信息。

　 完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。

　 A．现在完成时

　 1．现在完成时的构成

　 现在完成时的构成形式是“have / has +过去分词”。现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。

　 Someone has broken the window.

　 有人把窗户打破了。

　 I haven't seen much of her lately.

　 我最近不常见到她。

　 How long have they been married?

　 他们结婚多长时间了？

　　2．现在完成时的用法

　 ①表示结果的现在完成时

　 现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。

　 I have bought a pen.

　 我买了一支笔。(结果：I have a pen now.)

　 The temperature has increased by 10℃.

　 温度上升了10摄氏度。(结果：It is quite hot now.)

　 Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.

　空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。(结果：Air pollution is very serious now.)

　 注意：

　 现在完成时的上下文所指的时态必须呼应。

　 [误]I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.(have bought表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的have lost有矛盾)

　 [正]I bought a pen but I have lost it now.

　 我(过去)买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。

　 [误]I have lost my pen but I have found it now.(have lost强调你现在已经没有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突)

　 [正]I lost my pen but I have found it now.

　　　　 我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。

　 ②表示经历的现在完成时

　 强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。

　 Have you ever been to the Great Wall?

　 你去过长城吗？

　 I have visited Beijing at least ten times.

　 北京我至少访问过十次了。

　 She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.

　 她从未到海滨度过假。

　 ③表示延续的现在完成时

　 这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。

　 He's loved fishing for a long time.

　 他爱好钓鱼为时已久。(他现在仍爱好钓鱼)

　 I have lived here for more than thirty years.

　 我已在这儿住了三十多年了。(也许还会继续住下去)

　 注意：

　 现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态动词(主要是持续动词)，也可用于状态动词，但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定结构。

　 I haven't seen a film for weeks.

　 我已经好几个星期没看电影了。

　 She hasn't written to me since September.

　 自从9月份以来她还没给我写过信呢。

　 3．现在完成时的时间状语

　 ①与现在完成时“已完成”用法连用的时间状语

　 现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时间内，和它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。　

　 a. 不确定的过去时间状语：already, yet, before, recently, lately等

　 I've seen the film before.

　 我以前看过这部电影。

　 Have you been there lately?

　 近来你去过那里吗?

　 b. 频度时间状语：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely 等

　 We have never heard of that.

　 我们从未听说过这事。

　 He has sometimes played tennis.

　 他有时打网球。

　 Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.

　 大本钟很少出差错。

　 c. 包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等

　 I have just finished the letter now.

　 我现在刚写完信。

　 You have just missed the bus.

　 你刚好错过公共汽车。

　 Has he done much work today?

　 他今天做了很多工作吗？

　 比较：already和yet用法上的区别

　 already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。

　 She has already gone.

　 她早就走了。

　 Have you eaten your dinner already?

　 你已经吃过饭了?

　 He has not come yet.

　 他还没有来。

　 ②与现在完成时“未完成”用法连用的时间状语

　 与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。

　 a. since + 具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始

　 Since then, he has developed another bad habit.

　 自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。

　 He hasn't been home since he graduated.

　 他毕业后就没回过家。

　 b. for + 一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久

　 We have worked here for ages.

　 我们在这里工作很久了。

　 There has been no rain here for nearly two months.

　 这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。

　 c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment

　　 到目前为止

　 I have not seen him so far.

　 到目前为止我没见过他。

　 Up to the present, everything has been OK.

　 到目前为止一切正常。

　 d. in/during the past/last five years

　　 在刚刚过去的5年里

　 He has been away from school during the last few weeks.

　 过去的几个星期里他没在学校。

　 In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully.　 在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。

　 e. all the while, all day 一直，一整天

　 She has been busy all day.

　 她忙了一整天。　

　　4．现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

　 ①两者都可表示过去发生过的动作，但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响，而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。

　 He locked the door.

　 他锁过门。(但现在门是开是锁不清楚。)

　 He has locked the door.

　 他把门锁上了。(现在门是锁着的。)

　 Who turned on the light?

　 谁开的灯？(着眼开灯的动作，不管现在灯是开是关。)

　 Who has turned on the light?

　 谁把灯打开了？(着眼开灯的结果，即现在灯还亮着。)

　 ②两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作，现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续，而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。

　 He has lived in Beijing for four years.

　 他在北京住了四年了。(现在仍住那儿)

　 He lived in Beijing for four years.

　 他曾在北京住了四年。(现在不住那儿了)

　 B．过去完成时

　 过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。

　 1．过去完成时的构成

　 过去完成时是由“had+过去分词”构成的。

　 Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.

　 我很快就意识到我犯了一个严重的错误。

　 The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.

　 飞机上坐在我旁边的人很紧张，他以前从没乘过飞机。

　 Had he gone home when you arrived? 你到的时候他已经回家了吗？

　 2．过去完成时的用法

　 ①“已完成”用法

　 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以 before, until, when, than等词引导的内含一般过去时的时间状语从句。

　 By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.

　 到昨天早上5点钟时，我们已经做完了那件工作。

　 He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.

　 老师从办公室回来时，他刚把教室打扫完。

　 They came earlier than we had expected.

　 他们到得比我们预料的要早。

　 I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.

　 我在进大学之前就已学了5000个单词。

　 It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.

　 旱了好几个月之后，昨天下雨了。

　 注意：

　 在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

　 The train (had) started before I reached the station.

　 在我到达车站之前，列车已经开了。

　 After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

　 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

　 ②“未完成”用法

　 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就已开始，一直持续到这一过去时间，还可能再持续下去。

　 Up to that time all had gone well.

　 直到那时一切都很顺利。

　 John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.

　 约翰和简在结婚前就认识很长时间了。

　 She said she had made much progress since she came here.

　 她说自从她到这儿后已取得了很大的进步。

　 ③“想象性”用法

　 过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法，主要用在if引导的和过去事实相反的条件句以及wish, as if引导的从句中。

　 If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.

　 要是她努力的话，她就会成功了。(事实上她没努力，也没成功。)

　 I wish I had gone with you to the concert.

　 我要是和你一起去音乐会就好了。

　 The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.

　 那两个陌生人交谈起来就像是多年的老朋友。

　 ④表示“刚刚……就……”

　 过去完成时常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ... 等结构中，表示“刚刚……就……”。

　 Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

　 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

　 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

　 他刚到就又走了。

提示：

　 intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而未做的事。

　 I had meant to come, but something happened.

　 我原本打算来的，但有事发生了。

　 I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.

　 我本打算去看你的，但没能去成。

　 They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.

　 他们原想帮忙的，但没能及时赶到这里。

　　3．过去完成时与一般过去时的比较

　 一般过去时表示过去时间的动作或状态。过去完成时表示的动作或状态发生在一般过去时表示的动作或状态之前，因此它表示的是“比过去更过去”。

　 I returned the book that I had borrowed.

　 我已归还了我借的书。

　 He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.

　 他对动词一无所知，因为他没有好好学习功课。

　 I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

　 我在车站等了20分钟车才来。

　 C．将来完成时

1．将来完成时的构成

　 将来完成时的构成是由“shall/ will + have +过去分词”构成的。

　 Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.

　 不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。

　 He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.

　 他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。

　 Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？

2．将来进行时的用法

　 ①将来进行时的基本用法

　 a. 表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作

　　 I'll be taking my holiday soon.

　　 我不久就去度假了。

　　 They will be meeting us at the station.

　　 他们会在车站接我们的。

　 b. 在口语中代替will/shall do

　 I hope you will be coming on time.

　 我希望你按时来。

　 I'll be seeing Mr. Smith tomorrow.

　 我明天将见到史密斯先生。

　 The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.

　 部长将就国际事务发表演讲。

　 ②将来进行时的特殊用法

　 a. 表示原因、结果或猜测

　 Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.

　 请你明天下午来吧。我明天上午有个会。(表原因)

　 Stop the child or he will be falling over.

　 抓住那个孩子，要不他会掉下去的。(表结果)

　 You will be making a mistake.

　 你会出错的。(表推测)

　 b. 用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌

　 Will you be reading anything else?

　 你还要看点儿什么吗？

　 When shall we be meeting again?

　 我们什么时候再见面？

　 c. 表示稍后一点儿的安排

　 The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.

　 这星期我们学第三单元，下周我们将学第四单元。

　 My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.

　 我的任务在7月结束，之后我会回上海。　

1．将来进行时的构成

　 将来进行时是由“shall/will + be +现在分词”构成的。

　 Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then.

　 8点到10点之间不要给我打电话，我们那时正在上课。

　 Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

　 今晚你用自行车吗？

　 She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.

　 明天8点她不在开会。

3．过去进行时与一般过去时的区别

　 ①一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。

　 She wrote a letter to her friend last night.

　 她昨晚给朋友写了封信。(信写完了)

　 She was writing a letter to her friend last night.

　 她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。(信不一定写完)

　 ②一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。

　 She waved to me.

　 她朝我挥了挥手。

　 She was waving to me.

　 她不断地朝我挥手。

　 The boy jumped up and down.

　 这男孩跳了一下。

　 The boy was jumping up and down.

　 这男孩不停地跳着。

　 C.将来进行时

2． 现在进行时的用法

　　①现在进行时的基本用法

　 a. 表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作

　 通常由表示“此刻”的时间状语(now, at this moment)，或通过Look/Listen!这两个提示语来表明此时此刻动作正在进行。

　 She is making a fire now.

　 她正在生火。

　 Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.

　 听！玛丽正在教室里唱英文歌。

　 b.表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作

　 They are planting trees on the hill these days.

　 这几天他们正在山上种树。

　 I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.

　 我并不在这儿工作，我只是在新秘书来之前帮帮忙罢了。

　 c. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作

　 能这样用的动词并不多，通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay 等表示位置转移的动词。这种用法比较生动，给人以一种期待感。

　 Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days.

　 几天后简和贝蒂将出去度假。

　 Where are you staying in Guangzhou?

　 你到广州后准备住在哪里？

　 ②现在进行时的特殊用法

　 a.表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩

　 现在进行时往往与constantly, always, forever等状语连用，给现在的动作披上一层感情色彩。　

　 She's constantly complaining.

　 她不停地抱怨。

　 My brother is always leaving things about.

　 我弟弟总是乱丢东西。

　 He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.

　 他总是想着为学生多做些事情。

　 b. 表示某一具体动作或心理状态的发展过程

　 The house is falling down.

　 房子正在倒下。

　 The weather is changing for the better.

　 天气慢慢转好了。

　 注意：

　 有时表示一个动作刚刚开始。

　 I'm forgetting my English.

　 我的英语开始忘了。

　 Food is costing more.

　 食品贵了起来。

　 c. 强调动作的重复

　 The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.

　 这个夏季火车几乎天天晚点。

　 Someone is knocking at the door.

　 有人不断地在敲门。

　 The boy is jumping with joy.

　 那男孩高兴地跳个不停。

　 d. 表示两个动作是同一动作

　 He who helps others is helping himself.

　 帮人就是帮自己。

　 If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing.

　 如果你坚持做这件事，你就是在干傻事。

　 e.be动词的进行时态

　 be动词一般不用于进行时态。但有时可用“am, is, are + being + 形容词”结构表示暂时或故意如此。

　 The boy is being naughty. 这孩子有点儿淘气。

　 I don't think you are being fair.

　 我认为你不公平。

　 He is being modest.

　 他现在很谦虚。

　 比较：

　 You are not polite.

　 你不讲礼貌。(一贯如此)

　 You are not being polite.

　 你可有点儿不礼貌了。(暂时的现象)

　　3．不用进行时态的动词

　 ①表示状态的动词

　 这类动词有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。

　 This backpack belongs to me.

　这背包是我的。

　 He seems rather angry with you.

　 看起来他很生你的气。

　 ②表示知道、信念、理解、推测、怀疑、希望等含义的动词

　 这类动词有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope, doubt等。

　 I don't think he will come tomorrow.

　 我想他明天不会来。

　 I still remember the days when we studied together.

　 我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。

　 提示：

　 有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。

　 She's understanding you better now.

　 她越来越了解你了。

　 ③表示要求、心愿等意义的动词

　 这类动词有want, wish, need, desire等。

　 Your clothes need washing.

　 你的衣服需要洗了。

　 How I wish I were a bird！

　 我多希望我是一只鸟啊！

　 ④表示继续或持续含义的动词

　 这类动词有continue, keep, last, go on等。

　 She still continues in poor health.

　 她仍然身体很差。

　 Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.

　 他每天做完作业后，都会继续看会儿书。

　 ⑤表示感觉的动词

　 这类动词有see, hear, smell, taste, feel等。

　 The apples taste good.

　 这些苹果尝起来不错。

　 This flower smells nice.

　 这花闻上去很香。

　 Your suggestion sounds reasonable.

　 你的建议听上去有道理。

　 注意：

　 如果这些动词表示一种有意识的行为，则可用进行时态。

　 She is tasting the apple.

　 她正在尝苹果。

　 The dog is smelling the footprints.

　 狗正在嗅脚印。

　 The bell is sounding for dinner.

　 晚饭铃响了。

　 4．现在进行时和一般现在时的比较

　 ①暂时性动作和经常性动作

　 The computer is working perfectly.

　 计算机运转得很好。(暂时)

　 The computer works perfectly.

　 计算机运转很好。(一直如此)

　 ②持续性动作和短暂性动作

　 The bus is stopping.

　 车停了下来。(渐渐地)

　 The bus stops. 车停了。(迅速)　

　 ③暂时性动作和永久性动作

　 She is living in the country.

　 她现在住在农村。(暂时)

　 She lives in the country.

　 她住在农村。(永久)

　 ④有感情色彩和没有感情色彩

　 He is doing well at school.

　 他在学校表现很好。(赞扬)

　 He does well at school.

　 他在学校表现很好。(一般事实)　　

　 B.过去进行时

　　1.过去进行时的构成

　 过去进行时是由“was / were +现在分词”构成的。

　 I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.

　 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

　 Were you expecting him yesterday?

　 你昨天一直在等他吗？

　 They were not talking when I came in.

　 我进来的时候他们没在说话。

　　2. 过去进行时的用法

　 ①过去进行时的基本用法

　 a.表示在过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或该动作与过去的另一动作同时发生

　 I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.

　 昨天晚上7点我正在吃晚饭。

　 She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper.

　 她弹钢琴时我在看报。

　 提示：

　 当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时。

　 We listened closely while the teacher read the text.

　 老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。

　 b.表示过去一段时间内正在进行的动作

　 We were talking about you the whole morning.

　 我们整个上午都在说你。

　 He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.

　 昨天下午从3点到5点他一直在看电视。

　 c. 表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事

　 He told me that he was going soon.

　 他告诉我他很快就要走了。

　 She said she was leaving for New York the next month.

　 她说她下个月动身去纽约。

　 ②过去进行时的特殊用法

　 a.表示故事发生的背景

　 It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.

　 那支医疗小组往前线行进时天正下着雪。

　 Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.

　 汤姆乘没人注意时溜进了房间。

　 b.表示一个新的动作刚刚开始

　 过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。

　 Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.

　 5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。

　 The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.

　 这婴儿在大声啼哭，突然，哭声停止了。

　 c. 用来陈述原因或用作借口

　 She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.

　 她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。

　 I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.

　 我作业没做完是因为我昨天一直帮妈妈在家干活。

　 d. 与always, constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩

　 The girl was always changing her mind.

　 这女孩老是改变主意。

　 In the past he was constantly asking me for money.

　 过去他总是向我要钱。

　 进行时表示动作正在进行，这个动作是暂时的，也是未完成的。进行时包括现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时。

　A．现在进行时

1．现在进行时的构成

　 现在进行时是由“am, is, are + 现在分词”构成的。

　 I'm reading the evening newspaper.

　 我正在看晚报。

　 Now it isn't snowing outside.

　 现在外面不在下雪。

　 Are they playing soccer in the playground?

　 他们正在操场上踢足球吗？

3．过去将来时间其他表达法

　 a. was/were going to +动词原形

　　 He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.

　　 他说他退休后要住在农村。

　　 They thought it was going to rain.

　　 他们认为天要下雨了。

　 b. was/were +动词的-ing形式

　　 Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.

　　 没人知道客人们是否要来。

　　 I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.

　　 我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。

　 c. was/were +动词不定式

　　 She said she was to clean the classroom after school.

　　 她说她放学后要打扫教室。

　　 It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.

　　 据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。

　 提示：

　 “was/were going to +动词原形”或“was/were + 动词不定式完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。

　 Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.

　 上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。(没有去成)　

　 I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.

　 我是打算帮忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。(没有帮上忙)

　 d. was/were about to do

　 “was/were about to do”表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。

　 I felt something terrible was about to happen.

　 我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。

　 e. was/were on the point of doing

　 I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.　 很高兴你来了。我正准备给你打电话，现在你省去我这个麻烦了。

　 提示：

　 “be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。

　 I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.

　 我正要动身天突然下雨了。

2．一般过去将来时的用法

　 一般过去将来时间的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作和状态。

　 a. 一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中

　 He said they would arrange a party.

　 他说他们将安排一个晚会。

　 I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.

　 我问他是否来帮我修电视机。

　 b. 一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态

　 If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.

　 如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。

　 I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.

　 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。