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5.6 助动词shall和will的用法

  shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:   I shall study harder at English.  我将更加努力地学习英语。   He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。 说明:  在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:  He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)  He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)

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5.5 助动词do 的用法

1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:   Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?   Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗? 2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:   I do not want to be criticized.  我不想挨批评。   He doesn't like to study.  他不想学习。   In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:  Don't go there. 不要去那里。  Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。 4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:  Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。  I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。  I do miss you. 我确实想你。 5) 用于倒装句,例如:  Never did I hear of such a thing.  我从未听说过这样的事情。  Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。 6) 用作代动词,例如:  ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?  ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)  He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?  他知道如何开车,对吧?

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5.4 助动词have的用法

1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:  He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。  By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.   上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。 2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:   I have been studying English for ten years.   我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。 3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:   English has been taught in China for many years.   中国教英语已经多年。

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5.3 助动词be的用法

1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如: They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。 English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如: The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:  a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:   He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。   We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。  说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。  b. 表示命令,例如:  You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。  He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。  c. 征求意见,例如:  How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?  Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?  d. 表示相约、商定,例如:  We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

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5.2 什么是助动词

1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。 助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:   He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 (doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义) 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:   a. 表示时态,例如:   He is singing. 他在唱歌。   He has got married. 他已结婚。   b. 表示语态,例如:   He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。   c. 构成疑问句,例如:   Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?   Did you study English before you came here?  你来这儿之前学过英语吗?   d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:   I don't like him.  我不喜欢他。   e. 加强语气,例如:   Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。   He did know that.  他的确知道那件事。 3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

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5.1 系动词

系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明: 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:   He fell ill yesterday.   他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)   He fell off the ladder.   他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting.  他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired.  他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:  This kind of cloth feels very soft.    这种布手感很软。  This flower smells very sweet.   这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词   这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:  He became mad after that.  自那之后,他疯了。  She grew rich within a short time.  她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:  The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。  The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。  His plan turned out a success.  他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

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4.13 和more有关的词组

1) the more… the more… 越……就越……   The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B   less A than B   He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 3) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多   The officials could see no more than the Emperor.  no less… than… 与……一样……  He is no less diligent than you. 4) more than 不只是,非常  She is more than kind to us all. 典型例题 1)The weather in China is different from____.  A. in America  B. one in America  C. America  D. that in America 答案:D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。 2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as  答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。  This ruler is three times as long as that one.

动词

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4.12 the + 最高级 + 比较范围

1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.   形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。   形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。   It is a most important problem.   =It is a very important problem. 注意: 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。    (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.    (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost   This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意:  a.  very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。     This is the very best.     This is much the best.  b.  序数词通常只修饰最高级。     Africa is the second largest continent. 3) 句型转换:   Mike is the most intelligent in his class.   Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 4) "否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。      Nothing is so easy as this.     =Nothing is easier than this.     =This is the easiest thing.

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4.11 many,old 和 far

1) 如果后接名词时, much more +不可数名词      many more +可数名词复数   2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。   My elder brother is an engineer.   Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。   在美语中,father 表示距离,further表示进一步。   I have nothing further to say.

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4.10 可修饰比较级的词

1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等 2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。 3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。 典型例题:   1) ---- Are you feeling ____?    ---- Yes,I'm fine now.  A. any well B. any better C. quite good  D. quite better   答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better. 2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.    A. more  B. much more  C. much    D. more much 答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。 3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.  A. the happiest time B. a more happier time  C. much happiest time  D. a much happier time 答案:D。

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