15.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.. 　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2)当either… or… 与neither… nor，　连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 　Either you or she is to go. 　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

15.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

　 Reading and writing are very important. 　注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 　The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 典型例题 　The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is　B. was　 C. are　 D. were 答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

14.6 as, though 引导的倒装句

　 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。 注意： 　　 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 　　 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意: 　让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

主谓一致

14.5 only在句首要倒装的情况

　 Only in this way, can you learn English well. 　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 　 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 　 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装

　 表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。　　 　Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 　If you won't go, neither will I. 典型例题 　---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? 　---I don't know, _____. 　A. nor don't I care　B. nor do I care　C. I don't care neither　D. I don't care also 答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。 　 注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。 　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 　 ---It's raining hard.　　---So it is.

14.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装

　 如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than 　 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 　 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 　 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 典型例题 No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began　　　 B.　has the game begun C. did the game begin　　 D.　had the game begun 答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when　等等。 注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。 　 Not only you but also I am fond of music.

14.2 倒装句之部分倒装

　 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 　1)　句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。 　Never have I seen such a performance. 　Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 　Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 　当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 　 I have never seen such a performance. 　 The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题　 1)　Why can't I smoke here? 　At no time___ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permitted　B.　smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted　D.　does smoking permit 答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. 2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. 　A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know 　答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。 　改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。

14.1 倒装句之全部倒装

　全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和　一般过去时。常见的结构有： 　1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 　 There goes the bell. 　 Then came the chairman. 　 Here is your letter. 　2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 　Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 　Ahead sat an old woman. 　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 　 Here he comes.　 Away they went.

13.5 反意疑问句

1)　陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I. 　I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I? 2)　陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。 　I wish to have a word with you, may I? 3)　陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。 　The Swede made no answer, did he / she? 　Some plants never blown (开花), do they ? 4)　含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。 　He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he? 5)　陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。 　We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we? 6)　陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。 　He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he? 7)　陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 　You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 8)　陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。 　He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? 9)　陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。 　You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? 10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。 　He must be a doctor, isn't he? 　You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you? 　He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? 11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。 　What colours, aren't they? 　What a smell, isn't it? 12)　陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。 Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 13)　陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。 　Everything is ready, isn't it? 14)　 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况： 　a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。 　Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he? 　b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定： 　He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he? 　He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he? 　c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。 　I don't think he is bright, is he? 　We believe she can do it better, can't she? 15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。 　Everyone knows the answer, don't they?　(does he?) 　Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?) 16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。 　We need not do it again, need we ? 　He dare not say so, dare you? 　 当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。 　She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she? 17)　省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。 　Don't do that again, will you? 　Go with me, will you / won't you ? 注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? 　Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you? 　Let's go and listen to the music, shall we? 　Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ? 18)　陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。 　There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there? 　There will not be any trouble, will there? 19)　否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。 　It is impossible, isn't it? 　He is not unkind to his classmates, is he? 20)　must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。 　 He must be there now, isn't he? 　 It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it? 　　　　 快速记忆表 陈述部分的谓语　　　 疑问部分　　　　　 　　 I　　　　　 aren't I　　　　 　　 Wish　　　　　may +主语　　 　　　 no,nothing,nobody,never,　 few, seldom, hardly,　　 肯定含义 rarely, little等否定 含义的词　　　　　　　　　　 　 ought to(肯定的)　　 shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语 　 have to+v.(had to+v.)　don't +主语(didn't +主语) 　 used to　　　　 didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语 　 had better + v.　　　hadn't you　　　　　 would rather + v.　　wouldn't +主语　　　　 you'd like to + v.　　 wouldn't +主语　　　　 must　　　　　 根据实际情况而定　　　 感叹句中　　　　 be +主语　　　　　 Neither…nor, either…or 连接的根　 据其实际逻辑意义而定 并列主语　　　　　　　　　　　 　 指示代词或不定代词 everything,that,　　　主语用it nothing,this　　　　　　　　　　 　　 并列复合句　　　　谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定 　 定语从句,宾语从句的 主从复合句　　　　根据主句的谓语而定　　 　 think,believe,expect, suppose,imagine等引导　 与宾语从句相对应的从句　 　 everybody,anyone, somebody,nobody,no one　复数they, 单数he　　 　 情态动词dare或need　　 need (dare ) +主语 dare, need 为实义动词　　 do +主语　　　 　 省去主语的祈使句　　 will you？ Let's 开头的祈使句　　 Shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句　　Will you?　　　　 　 there be　　相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)　 否定前缀不能视为否定词　　 仍用否定形式　　　 must表"推测"　　根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句 　

倒装

13.4 用助动词进行强调

　强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。 　She does like this horse.　她的确喜欢这匹马。 　Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。