18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 　 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 　 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： 　 There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 　 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　北京是我的出生地。 　 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2)that代替关系副词 　 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： 　 His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.　他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 　 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 　 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： 　 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语) 　 He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如： 　 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 　 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 　它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： 　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) 　The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

17.5 否定转移 1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 　 I don't think I know you.　我想我并不认识你。 　 I don' t believe he will come.　我相信他不回来。 注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 　 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 　 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 　 看来他们不知道往哪去。 　 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 　 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 　 I don't remember having ever seen such a man.　 　 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…) 　 It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 　 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 　(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) 4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 　 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.　(否定状语)　蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 　 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。 　She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.　(否定状语many weeks)　她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。

定语从句

17.4 if, whether引导的名词从句 1)yes-no型疑问从句 　从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如： 　主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。 　宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.　请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 　表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.　问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 　同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.　他们调查他是否值得信赖。 　形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.　 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 　介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.　我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 2)选择性疑问从句 　 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成，例如： 　 Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 　 I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。

17.3 名词性wh-从句

1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如： 主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.　书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.　在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.　 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。 表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.　我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语：　I have no idea when he will return.　 我不知道他什么时候回来。 形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.　 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语：　That depends on where we shall go.　 那取决于我们去哪儿。 2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如： 　It is not yet decided who will do that job.　 　还没决定谁做这项工作。 　It remains unknown when they are going to get married.　 他们何时结婚依然不明。

17.2 名词性that-从句 1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如： 　 主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.　 他还活着全靠运气。 　 宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.　约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 　 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　　事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 　 同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 　　　　近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 　 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 　　　　你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： 　It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。 　It's a pity that you should have to leave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。 　 　用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系： 　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 　　It is necessary that…　　 有必要…… 　　It is important that…　　 重要的是…… 　　It is obvious that…　　 很明显…… 　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 　　It is believed that…　　　人们相信…… 　　It is known to all that…　　从所周知…… 　　It has been decided that…　 已决定…… 　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识 　　It is a surprise that…　 令人惊奇的是…… 　　It is a fact that…　　 事实是…… 　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 　　It appears that…　　　似乎…… 　　It happens that…　　　碰巧…… 　　It occurred to me that…　 我突然想起……

17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词 　引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 　 连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分) 　 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, 　　　　 whose, which. 　 连接副词：when, where, how, why 　 不可省略的连词： 　　1. 介词后的连词 　　2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 　　　That she was chosen made us very happy. 　　　We heard the news that our team had won. 　比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" 　 Whether he will come is not clear. 　大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。 　It is not important who will go. 　It is still unknown which team will win the match.

16.9 need "不必做"和"本不该做"

　didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。. 　needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。 　John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。 　John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)

典型例题 　There was plenty of time. She ___. A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried 　答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。 　Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。

名词性从句

16.8 It is (high) time that 　 It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 　 It is time that the children went to bed. 　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.

16.7 比较if only与only if 　only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。 　I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。 　If only he comes early.　　　　但愿他早点回来。