21.10 would rather表示"宁愿" 　would rather do 　would rather not do 　would rather… than…　 宁愿……而不愿。 　还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。 　If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. 　I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 典型例题 ----Shall we go skating or stay at home? ----Which ___ do?　　　 A. do you rather　B. would you rather　 C. will you rather　 D. should you rather 答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。

21.9 had better表示"最好" 　had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。 　had better do sth 　had better not do sth 　It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. 　She'd better not play with the dog. 　had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。 　You had better have come earlier.

21.8 should 和ought to 　should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。 　---Ought he to go? 　---Yes. I think he ought to. 　表示要求，命令时，语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。

21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词 1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth　表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。 　Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 　Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 2)　must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。 　---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. 　---She must have gone by bus. 3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth 　本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。 　You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. 　He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。) 　ought to 在语气上比should 要强。 4) needn't have done sth　 本没必要做某事 　I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I　needn't have done so. The weather was hot. 5) would like to have done sth　 本打算做某事　 　I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

21.6 表示推测的用法 　can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下： 1)情态动词+动词原形。 　表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。 　I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。 　表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。 　At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 　这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。 3)情态动词+动词完成时。 　表示对过去情况的推测。 　We would have finished this work by the end of next December. 　明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。 　The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 　地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。 4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。 　表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。 　Your mother must have been looking for you. 　你妈妈一定一直在找你。 5)推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。 　Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 　迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。 　注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。

21.4 比较have to和must 1)　两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。 　My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.　我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事) 　He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事) 2)　have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。 He had to look after his sister yesterday. 3) 在否定结构中： don't have to　 表示"不必" 　　　　　mustn't　　表示"禁止"， 　 You don't have to tell him about it.　 你不一定要把此事告诉他。 　 You mustn't tell him about it.　　你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

21.3 比较may和might 1) 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。 　　May God bless you! 　　He might be at home. 注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。 2) 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。 　　 If that is the case, we may as well try. 典型例题 　Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. 　 A. must　B. may　 C. can　 D. will 　答案B. 表可能性只能用may.　此句意可从后半句推出。

21.2 比较can 和be able to 1)can　could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。 　They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。 2)只用be able to 　 a. 位于助动词后。 　 b. 情态动词后。 　 c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 　 d. 用于句首表示条件。 　 e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。 　　He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. 　= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out. 　

注意：could不表示时态 1)提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。 　 --- Could I have the television on? 　 --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 2)在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。 　　 He couldn't be a bad man.　 　　 他不大可能是坏人。

21.1 情态动词的语法特征 　1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 　2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。 　3) 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 　4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

20.6 比较so和 such 　 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副 词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。 so + adj.　　　　　such + a(n) + n. so + adj. + a(n) + n.　　such + n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. (pl.)　　 such +n. (pl.)　 so + adj. + n. [不可数]　such +n. [不可数] so foolish　　　　 such a fool　 so nice a flower　　　 such a nice flower so many/ few flowers　　 such nice flowers so much/little money.　　such rapid progress　 so many people　　　 such a lot of people 　 so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。 　 so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

情态动词