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2.书写离子方程式时应注意的问题

(1)离子反应是在溶液或熔融状态时进行反应的,凡非溶液中进行的反应一般不能写离子反应方程式,亦即没有自由移动离子参加的反应,不能写出离子反应方程式。如NH4Cl固体和Ca(OH)2固体混合加热,虽然也有离子和离子反应,但不能写出离子反应方程式,只能写化学方程式。

(2)单质、氧化物、气体在溶液中的反应一律写化学式;弱电解质如弱酸(HF、H2S、HClO、H2CO3等)、弱碱(如NH3·H2O)和中强酸(如H2SO3、H3PO4)等难电离的物质必须写化学式;难溶于水的物质(如CaCO3、BaSO3、FeS、PbS、BaSO4、Fe(OH)3等)必须写化学式。

(3)多元弱酸的酸式盐的酸根离子在离子方程式中不能拆写。如NaHCO3溶液和稀硫酸反应:HCO3-+H+═CO2↑+H2O

(4)对于微溶物的处理有三种情况:

①在生成物里有微溶物析出时,微溶物用化学式表示。如Na2SO4溶液中加入AgNO3溶液:

      2Ag+ + SO42- ═ Ag2SO4

②当反应物里有微溶物处于溶液状态(稀溶液)时,应写成离子的形式。如CO2气体通入澄清石灰水中:

      CO2+Ca2++2OH-═CaCO3↓+H2O

③当反应物里有微溶物处于浊液或固态时,应写化学式。如在石灰乳中加入Na2CO3溶液:

      Ca(OH)2+CO32-═CaCO3↓+2OH-

(5)操作顺序或反应物相对量不同时离子方程式不同。如:

①少量烧碱滴入Ca(HCO3)2溶液(此时碳酸氢钙过量)中,有:

   Ca2++HCO3+OH-═CaCO3↓+H2O

②少量Ca(HCO3)2溶液滴入烧碱溶液(此时氢氧化钠过量)中,有:

   Ca2++HCO3+2OH-═CaCO3↓+CO32-+2H2O

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离子反应是指                   

1.离子反应的类型及其发生的条件

(1)复分解反应:这类离子反应又叫离子互换反应,其反应条件是:产生深沉、产生气体或产生难电离的物质如:

BaSO4+H2SO4═BaSO4↓+2H2O

Na2CO3+2HCl═2NaCl+CO2↑+2H2O

NH4Cl+NaOH═NH3·H2O+NaCl

这些反应的共同特点是:反应后溶液中自由移动的离子数目减少,因此离子互换反应一般是朝着溶液离子浓度减少的方向进行。但有少数例外,如:

      CaCO3+CO2+H2O═Ca(HCO3)2

此反应能够进行的原因,是因为生成了难电离的H2CO3与CaCO3反应可生成更难电离的HCO3-化合物。

(2)氧化还原反应:这类离子反应发生的条件是:

                 。

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2.强电解质和弱电解质

强电解质是指                      

弱电解质是指                     

    强酸:HCl、H2SO4、HNO3、HBr、HI、HClO4  ……………

强电解质  强碱:NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2  ………………

   大多数盐(含难溶盐):NaCl、CaSO4、KNO3、BaSO4、AgCl …………

      弱酸:HF、HClO、H2SO3、H2CO3、H3PO4、CH3COOH、 ……

弱电解质  弱碱:NH3·H2O、Cu(OH)2、Fe(OH)3、………………

      少数盐:Pb(CH3COO)2…………

水是一种极弱的电解质。

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1.电解质导电的原因及影响因素

根据                  ,可以判断是否为电解质。

(1)离子化合物在熔化状态时都能导电,因此都是电解质。有些离子化合物因难溶于水而使其水溶液难导电,如BaSO4、AgCl等。

(2)共价化合物在水溶液中可电离的为电解质,相反为非电解质。如HCl、H2SO4、HNO3等,在液态时虽不导电,但水溶液能导电,是电解质。

(3)有些化合物如SO2、SO3、NH3、PCl3等,其水溶液也可导电,但它们却是非电解质,原因是它们在水溶液中并不能电离出离子,只是与水发生反应产生电解质而引起导电。

(4)氯水、铁、石墨等尽管能导电,但既不是电解质,又不非电解质。

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2、谈谈你的看法和理由。

注意:词数100-120,文章的开头已给出(不计入词数)。

The process of growing up is complex for every person, for there are many influential factors in a person’s growth as well as the development of his personality.

 

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1、选择并陈述对你的成长起着很大影响的家庭、学校、社会、朋友、书籍、名人等诸多因素中的两个或三个;

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3、改错符号使用错误不给分。

例如:It was very nice to get your invitation to spend weekend with you. Luckily
 
I was completely free then, so I’ll to say “yes”. I’ll arrive in Bristol at around 8 pm in
 
Friday evening.

As new students at an university in Boston, many of us were unfamiliar with the campus but consequently late for class. One professor, however, was particular intolerant of being late, making clear that no excuse would be acceptable. So when a girl student came in his class one morning late, we expected the worst results. Then the professor demand the reason for her coming late. “I was being waiting on line to buy your new book,” she replied very nervously. Looked at the rest of the class, the professor asked, “Well, why were the rest of you late?”

 

第三节:书面表达(满分30分)

我们知道一个人的成长过程是较为复杂的,其个性的形成和发展受诸多因素的影响,比如家庭、学校、社会、朋友、书籍、名人等。假如《二十一世纪英文报》向你约稿,了解至今哪些因素对你的成长影响最大。请你以Tracking My Growth为题,按以下要求写篇英语短文:

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2、只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。

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65. An old couple, aged 65 and 68. They love mountain scenery and still take easy walks by the lakeside when they can. They hope to enjoy fresh air and some relaxing activities.

A. Edinburgh. Post House: A popular base for visitors to Edinburgh, this fine hotel stands next to the zoological Gardens within easy reach of the many famous sights, shops and entertainments of one of Europe’s most elegant capitals.

B. Gatehouse of Fleet. Cally Hotel: This impressive hotel, well-known for its good Scottish cooking, is an ideal choice for a relaxing family holiday. Set in 100 acres of private grounds, the Cally, a former stately home, has something for everyone including its own fishing lake, outdoor heated swimming pool, green lawn, tennis court, children’s playground and sauna baths.

C. Glenborrodale. Glenborrodale Castle Hotel: There can be few better places for a refreshing holiday than this picturesque hotel set in its own 120 acres of beautiful countryside by charming Lake Sunart on the Ardnamurchan Peninsular (半岛). Boating and fishing are both available here.

D. Inverness. Royal Hotel: A unique feature of the Royal is its fine collection of antique furniture, china and glass. This friendly comfortable hotel, a favourite meeting place for the townspeople, is an excellent base for getting to know the Highlands-Lake Ness, Great Gien and Culloden Moor are all within easy reach.

E. Peebles. Tontine Hotel: The Tontine had a fascinating beginning---it was built in 1808. This homely hotel has been extended to make it a really comfortable base for exploring the Tweed Valley and the attractive Lowland country.

F. North Berwick. Marine Hotel: This fine hotel overlooks the famous West Links golf course and is close to several sandy beaches. The Marine has its own open-air swimming pool and putting green as well as tennis courts, squash courts and saunas. Edinburgh, well-know for its art festivals, is only some 24 miles away.

第Ⅱ卷(共40分)

 

第三部分:写作 (共两节,满分40分)

第一节:短文改错

假如英语课上老师要求同学们交换修改作文,请你修改同桌写的以下作文,文中共有10处语言错误,要求你在错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。

增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写上该加的词。

删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。

修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写上修改后的词。

注意:1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;

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同步练习册答案