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如图所示,efgh为水平放置的足够长的平行光滑导轨,导轨间距L=1m,导轨左端连接一个R=2Ω的电阻,将一根质量m=0.2kg的金属棒cd垂直地放置导轨上,且与导轨接触良好,导轨与金属棒的电阻均不计,整个装置放在磁感强度B=2T的匀强磁场中,磁场方向垂直于导轨平面向下,现对金属棒施加一水平向右的拉力F,并保持拉力的功率恒为P=8W,使棒从静止开始向右运动。已知从金属棒开始运动直至达到稳定速度的过程中电阻R产生的热量Q=7.6J。试解答以下问题:

(1)金属棒达到的稳定速度是多少?

(2)金属棒从开始运动直至达到稳定速度所需的时间是多少?

(3)金属棒从开始运动直至达到稳定速度的过程中所产生的平均感应电动势可在什么数值范围内取值?

答案:(1)v=8    v=2m/s

    (2) Pt=Q+mv2    t=1s

    (3)2V<E<4V

一个质量为m、直径为d、电阻为R的金属圆环,在范围很大的磁场中沿竖直方向下落,磁场的分布情况如图所示,已知磁感应强度竖直方向的分量By的大小只随高度变化,其随高度y变化关系为By = B0(1 + ky)(此处k为比例常数,且k>0),其中沿圆环轴线的磁场方向始终竖直向上,在下落过程中金属圆环所在的平面始终保持水平,速度越来越大,最终稳定为某一数值,称为收尾速度。求:

(1)圆环中的感应电流方向。

(2)圆环的收尾速度的大小。

答案:(1)根据楞次定律可知,感应电流的方向为顺时针(俯视观察).

(2)圆环下落高度为y时的磁通量为

ΦBSB0(1 + ky)π   

设收尾速度为vm,以此速度运动Δt时间磁通量的变化

ΔΦ=ΔBSB0 vmΔt 

根据法拉第电磁感应定律有

E==B0 vm  

圆环中感应电流的电功率为PE=⑤

重力做功的功率为PGmgvm  

根据能的转化和守恒定律有PEPG  

解得

如图所示是超导电磁炮的原理图,它能在较短的时间内使炮弹加速到极高的速度,设水平放置的两光滑金属导轨MNPQ相距为d,左端连有开关S和电容为C的电容器,质量为m的炮弹连有的金属杆EF垂直于导轨放在其上,并可以自由滑动且接触良好,整个装置放在磁感应强度为B、方向竖直向上的匀强磁场中,给电容器充电后,电容器两端电压为U,合上开关S,电容器迅速放电结束,炮弹在水平导轨上达到稳定速度。求:

(1)炮弹的运动方向。

(2)炮弹在水平导轨上所达到的稳定速度v的大小的表达式。

答案:(1)向右

(2)开关闭合后在Δt时间内,电容放电电量为

ΔQ = I·Δt = C(UBdv)……①

根据动量定理:mv =FΔt = BIdΔt ……② 

将①式代入②式,有:

mv =Bd C(UBdv)  解得:

   v =

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1.有的学生学而不思,过分依赖教师和书本,不想靠自己的思考、自己的方式回答问题。说明学生缺少探究的意识,没有探究的习惯。折射出日常教学中,对学生的学习过程、学习行为关注不够;2.新课程实践中,在一定程度上看到学生的发展和提高,说明学生有能力实现自主学习、合作学习和探究学习。

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《普通高中物理课程标准(实验)》明确指出:高中物理课程,在课程目标上注重提高全体学生的科学素养,从知识与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观三个方面培养学生,为学生终身发展、应对现代社会和未来发展的挑战奠定基础。针对高考,国家教育部考试中心颁布的《考试大纲》中明确指出:高考要以能力测试为主导,考查考生对所学基础知识、基本技能的掌握程度和综合运用所学知识分析、解决问题的能力,要重视理论联系实际,要重视对考生科学素养的考查。那么,在高考物理复习中如何提高学生的科学素养呢?应该用新课程理念指导高中物理复习,在分析学情和教情的基础上,有针对性地改进复习的教学方式和学习方式。

考生的答卷是我们平时教学及复习教学的一面镜子,能反射出教学的成功与不足。因此,下面我从2007年高考理科综合能力测试(天津卷)物理试题考生作答的两个典型错误,谈对课堂教学的一些认识。

例1:2007年高考理综(天津卷)物理第20题,题目是:两装置,均由一支一端封闭、一端开口且带有玻璃泡的管状容器和水银槽组成,除玻璃泡在管上的位置不同外,其他条件都相同。将两管抽成真空后,开口向下竖直插入水银槽中(插入过程没有空气进入管内),水银柱上升至图1所示位置停止。假设这一过程水银与外界没有热交换,则下列说法正确的是

A.中水银的内能增量大于中水银的内能增量

B.中水银的内能增量大于中水银的内能增量

C.中水银体积保持不变,故内能增量相同

D.中水银温度始终相同,故内能增量相同

该题以考生熟悉的水银气压计为物理情境,考查了物体的内能、做功和热力学第一定律等知识。地考查了考生的理解能力、推理能力和分析综合能力。

本题思维的切入点应从功能关系的角度展开,该题中大气压做正功,而水银所受的重力做负功。由于进入两管内的水银体积相同,所以大气压对进入两管中的水银所做的功相同,又由于管的玻璃泡高于管,管中的水银克服重力做功比管多,所以中水银的内能增量大于中水银的内能增量,因此选项是正确的。

该题得分率仅有0.21,成为最难的题目之一,分析错误的原因是很多考生面对新情境的问题,无从下手,不能从功是能量变化量度的角度解答此题,或者是不能对大气压力和重力做功作出认真的分析,导致错解。

其实在平时教学过程中,类似的例子同学们接触过很多,如以下两题:

题1:两个半径相同且用同种材料制成的铁球,A放在水平桌面上,B用细绳悬挂在空中(如图2所示),两球初始温度相同,若使两球末温相同,哪个球吸收的热量多?

题2:图3中容器AB各有一个可自由移动的轻活塞,活塞下面是水,上面是大气,大气压恒定。AB的底部由带有阀门S的管道相连,整个装置与外界绝热。原先A中水面比B中的高,打开阀门使A中水逐渐流向B中最后达到平衡,在这过程中

A.大气压力对水做功,水的内能增加

B.水克服大气压力做功,水的内能减少

C.大气压力对水不做功,水的内能增加

D.大气压力对水不做功,水的内能不变

例2:2007年高考理综(天津卷)物理第22题第(1)小题,题目是:一种游标卡尺,它的游标尺上有个小的等分刻度,总长度为。用它测量某物体长度,卡尺示数如图所示,则该物体的长度是______________

 

该题考查的是分度游标卡尺,要求考生熟悉游标卡尺的读数方法,尤其要掌握游标尺的最小分度值,还要清楚有效数字的位数。准确读出50分度该游标卡尺的读数。

本题深入考查了学生对游标卡尺的掌握情况,如果不认真做实验,没有真正弄清原理,是不能解对此题的。从300份试卷的抽样统计数据看,该题的得分率仅有0.31。考生的典型错误是没有真正理解游标卡尺的测量原理和测量的精确度,没弄清该卡尺准确到,根本不会准确读取数据;另外游标尺上的“”刻度正好和主尺刻度对齐,很多考生漏掉有效数字“”,将4.120cm,误认为是4.12cm。

基本仪器的使用是考生必须掌握的内容,对于游标卡尺考生并不陌生,本题是教材上示例(10分度和20分度)的拓展,进一步考查了学生对游标卡尺测量原理的理解。50分度游标卡尺也应该是学生接触过的,教材在介绍了游标卡尺的测量原理及10分度和20分度尺的读数方法之后,以思考问题的形式呈现了类似的问题:有一种游标卡尺,它的游标尺上有50个小的等分刻度,它们的总长度为49 mm,它的每一分度与主尺的最小分度1 mm相差0.02 mm。你能说明这种游标卡尺的使用方法吗?用它测长度可以精确到多少?

从以上考生答题中的两个典型问题不难看出,很多考生对于平时熟悉的问题,在高考试卷中赋予新的情境或适当拓展就不能解决。为什么考生不能将平时掌握的模型迁移高考试卷中来呢?这是一个值得思考的问题。

下面根据教学录像,找到可供思考的现场,聚焦某一方面的学生问题,分析教学问题。

视频共展现四个学习现场:

1.学生实验;2.学生看书;3.学生探究规律;4.学生展示自主学习的成果。

现象分析:

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52. Why does Jeanne Calment say "Sorry, I'm still alive" to the local lawyer every year on her birthday?

A. Because she had an agreement at 80 with the lawyer which was to her advantage.

B. Because she has asked the lawyer to pay her more rent than they first agreed.

C. Because the lawyer has paid her much more money than the value of the house.

D. Because the house she sold to the lawyer isn't worth the money he has already paid.

答案  BDAC

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51. Which of the following could best replace the word "move" in the fourth paragraph?

A. deal          B. trick          C. march        D. sport

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50. Jeanne Calment owes her good health and long life to _______.

A. smoking only a little every day

B. her giving up smoking and drinking

C. drinking two glasses of strong red wine every day

D. the good genes from her parents, a healthy diet and some exercises

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49. How does Jeanne Calment feel about her old age?

A. She is miserable and unhappy. B. She is cheerful and humorous.

C. She would like to live much longer. D. She feels she is going to die very soon.

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54.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A. Weddings always make people feel full of sunshine.

B. People are always disappointed during war time.

C. Entertainment can serve an important purpose.

D. People should be married when they are small children.

答案  CADC

Passage 14

(吉林省公主岭市范家屯一中2010届高三模拟考试)

Jeanne Calment, a French woman, became a record breaker on 17 October of 1995, when at the age of 120 years and 238 days, she became the longest-lived human being on record. A Japanese man died in 1986 at the age of 120 years and 237 days.

Jeanne Calment lives in a small old people's home in the south of France; her husband, her only child and her grandson have all died. She is nearly blind and deaf and is always in a wheelchair, but her doctor describes her as being more like a 90-year-old in good health than someone of 120. She still has a lively sense of humor. When asked on her 120th birthday what she expected of the future, she replied: A very short one. She also remarked that she thought the good Lord had forgotten all about her.

So what is the key to a long life? According to some doctors, diet, exercise and no smoking are the three important factors. Jeanne Calment has followed two of the tips(窍门). She has always eaten a healthy diet, and she used to do exercises every day until she broke her leg at the age of 115. However, until recently she drank two glassed of strong red wine a day, and she does smoke(now only a little). Besides, Jeanne Calment might have got very good genes(基因)from her parents. Her father lived to the age of 94 and her mother to 86.

A local lawyer bought her house when she was 80 under an agreement that he would pay her some money every year until her death. It must have seemed a good move at the time, but so far the lawyer has paid her at least three times the value of the house. Every year on her birthday Jeanne Calment sends him a card saying:

Sorry, I'm still alive!

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53.Tom would dance on a wooden plate held by a person who was eight feet tall because   .

A. the wooden plate would make it sound as if Tom was dancing

B. it made Tom look taller

C. the eight–foot–tall man was the only tall person Tom trusted

D. the difference between them would make Tom look even smaller

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52.What does the author think about Tom’s wedding?

A. It helped people cheer up in a dark time.

B. People gave it too much of their attention.

C. It was funny and ridiculous.

D. Tom and Lavinia were stupid.

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