11、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、为了对演出市场及演员进行规范管理，文化部近日发出了“演员个人营业演出活动管理暂行办法”。　 　B、失衡的天平如何指向公平，畸形的制度安排和设计如何趋向正义，农村与城市、政府与市场、产业化与公共性，天平上的这个加减法到底应该怎么算，值得每个教育工作者思考。　 　C、我部经销如下商品：飞行皮服、将校呢大衣、涤丝棉袄和军用解放鞋，并备有毛毯和地毯。　

D、请以《我和祖国》为题，写一篇文章。要求：文体不限，字数在1000字以内，严禁抄袭。　 　 　12、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、在2004年雅典奥运会开幕式上，特洛伊木马、雅典娜女神，荷马史诗中波澜壮阔的航海场面，把我们带到一个令人心潮澎湃的神话世界。　 　B、如果将外来务工人员的子女就学纳入当地公办学校招生计划，让他们和城市孩子一样平起平坐，并且不收任何赞助费、借读费，那真是“利见当代，功在千秋”之举。　 　C、北大语文教育研究所确立的宗旨是，为中学一线教师服务，为有理想、有追求的老师提供一个思想解放的机会，他们的创造力是不可低估的。　 　D、负责组织高考命题的省市，按照全面贯彻国家教育方针和推进素质教育的要求，统一执行教育部颁布的中国学习联盟纲，招生录取政策、招生计划安排和招生考试日程均保持不变。　 　 　13、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、北京人艺最近推出四个轮换剧目：《天下第一楼》、《小井胡同》、《上帝的宠儿》和《洋麻将》，都是经过观众的检验，证明其确实系优秀剧目。　 　B、鲁迅说他同瞿秋白的友情是“人生得一知己足矣，斯世当以同怀视之。”　 　C、由于作者重回延安(贺敬之同志1940年到延安，1946年投奔于华北干革命，1956年回延安访问学习)，心情格外激动。　 　D、2004年3月30日，美国一批“快闪”族宣布，预计4月3日将有大批“快闪族”成员塞满美国旧金山大学的一座体育馆，尝试用上千台普通笔记本电脑，组装出一台足以跻身全球500强的超级计算机。　 　 14、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、如何在这短短的两个月时间里，能够迅速地让自己的产品贴近消费者，走进消费者，成为各位品牌代理商思考的问题。　 　B、作为检验真理的标准，必须具有把人的思想和客观世界联系起来的特性；否则就无法检验。　 　C、毛泽东一贯反对主观主义的指导，认为这种指导，“其必然的结果，不是机会主义，就是盲动主义。”　 　D、《溪源》诗集，内容丰富，有气势磅礴的长篇史诗；情节跌宕的叙事诗；娓娓动听的抒情诗；针砭时弊的讽喻诗……　 　 　15、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、传说，每年“七夕”，(农历七月初七)成群的喜鹊飞上银河搭桥，这样牛郎和织女才能在鹊桥相会。　 　B、传统的学校评价，过于追求评价手段的技术化、评价标准的惟一性、评价结果的可比较性，使得学校评价越来越脱离学校教育的实际，形成了“为了评价而评价”的庸俗的学校评价模式。　 　C、发挥“能人效应”，通过多种途径帮助农民更新观念、转换脑筋、增强本领、参与竞争、尽快致富。　 　D、小河对岸三、四里外是浅山，好似细浪微波，线条柔和，蜿蜒起伏，连接着高高的远山。　 　16、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、当前要继续解决新闻不新的问题，针对性不强，一般化的问题，缺乏说服力的问题，缺乏准确性的问题。　 　B、有一次，在一个很冷的清晨，“芦柴棒”害了急性的重伤风而躺在床上了(其实这是不能叫做床的)。　 　C、特种食品具有防病等医食两用功能，如智力食品：补脑营养粉，醒脑饮料等在营养成分上突出补脑和增强记忆的效能。　 　D、语文课是学习“语言文字”的，可是学生们的眼睛和耳朵被其他的媒介信息塞满，留给思维的空间就变得非常的狭窄，于是对文字魅力的体会，对文章内涵的品味也就流于表面了。　 　 　17、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、如果说去年的填句“外无期功强近之亲，内无应门五尺之僮”还算是名句“茕茕孑立，形影相吊”的“邻居”的话，那么，现在的填句“一人之心，千万人之心也”连名句的“邻居”都说不上，只能戏称它为名句的“远亲”。　 　B、去年一年，日本广岛县为了笼络中央内阁官员，竟举办了474次所谓的非正式联谊会。　 　C、到底哪里是安徒生写作的地方？哪里是他父亲的皮鞋作坊？已经无法弄清了。　 　D、电影的流畅，应该包括叙述的流畅、节奏起伏的流畅、表演的朴素流畅、摄、录、美、化、服、道各造型的和谐流畅。　 　 18、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、命题作文的关键在于出一个好题目，可是出什么题目才算好呢？许多语文界老前辈都有过无奈的感喟，如叶圣陶说它“是不得已的办法”，朱德熙则痛陈其“流弊甚多，不可取。”　 　B、庚子年前后(公元1900年)，四川连年旱灾。　 　C、工人走进技校，学习现代科学；农民跨出家门，搞起商品经济：工农都为现代化事业做贡献。　 　D、猴子跳到一个十一、二岁的孩子(他是船长的儿子)面前，把他的帽子摘了下来。　 　 19、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、两个分厂的近200台设备、设施的迁出；100多台新进设备、设施的迁入安装，几乎都是人拉肩扛完成的。　 　B、我一进教室，就看到“你浪费时间了吗？”的醒目标语。　 　C、文革结束以后，高考作文进入多元时代，内容禁区被打破，考生既可以敞开胸襟“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”，也可以表示自己“更喜欢”两幅漫画的哪一幅，还可以认为“答案是丰富多彩的”。　 　D、凭着坚定不拔的毅力，他成为能诗、能画、能写、和能制印的大艺术家。　 　 　20、下列句子标点符号的使用，错误的一句是　 　A、管得不严的医院，家属提着保温桶、拎着饭盒，直奔病房；管得严的，家属们则好说歹说，软磨硬泡，怎么也得把饭送进去。　 　B、林肯在入主白宫以前，一直奔波于颠沛困顿之中，加上其貌不扬，又一贯不修边幅，常穿一双粗绒线的蓝袜子、一双大拖鞋，甚至连领带都不会打，因此他初到白宫任职时，阁员中的阔佬没有一个瞧得起他。　 　C、据报道，喜庆90寿诞的国家图书馆建设数字图书馆的有关立项工作正在积极进行中，预计不久该项工程即可起动。　 　D、1420年建成的故宫是中国明清两代的皇宫。皇帝居住的宫殿对于平民百姓来说当然是禁域；而天上的紫微星位于中天，特别明亮，旁边群星环拱，于是皇宫就被称作了“紫禁城”。

1、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是 　A、自从施瓦辛格以51%得票率的优势战胜了134位竞争者，当选为美国加州州长后，一个“如果”就让我不得安宁：如果张艺谋竞选某省省长，会怎么样，会发生些什么。 　B、毛泽东同志说，我们“必须使全国广大人民群众觉悟，甘心情愿和我们一起奋斗去争取胜利”(《愚公移山》)。 　C、梁漱溟是个考不上大学的高中毕业生，24岁那年却被蔡元培礼聘为北大哲学讲师。他的学生中，有胡适、冯友兰、朱自清……等等。 　D、在文学上，韩柳虽都被称为“古文运动”的旗手，但韩的口号是“文以载道”，恪守道统，柳的口号是“文以明道”，意在阐扬新见解。

　2、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是 　A、我们没有想到的是：马加爵的泪水竟然远比死者的鲜血更让人觉得沉重；而他的忏悔与自白远比那些永远失去的生命更让人觉得无奈和悲痛。 　B、古代的严肃作家，即使在小说中信笔写了“三星正南了”五字，若是追问起来，他也往往能讲出三星正南指的是什么季节的什么时分。 　C、《杂文月刊》是海内外公开发行的杂文类综合性杂志，上半月发《原创作品》，下半月发《选刊精品》。　D、既然爱人类、爱国家、爱父母等情感早已成为课堂、班会上的正面话题，早已成为教育性读本的主要内容，那么为什么不可以对爱情也来点启蒙教育呢？难道爱情只能成为课堂、班会上的负面话题？ 3、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是 　A、张伟明在《谈话题作文》中指出，话题作文使应试作文缩小了限制、扩大了自主，有利于学生发挥写作能力，但也给套题、抄袭开了方便之门。 　B、对待考试作弊，是否也应该像足球“黑哨”一样让司法介入？作弊的性质是违纪？还是违法？如何认定作弊？这些都是摆在我们面前的难题。 　C、“高考之痛”，并非新症状。上海、北京“痛”过，后来在单独命题中治好了伤疤。现在南京又“痛”了，可是我们的教育部门难道没有智慧寻找到“去痛片”？ 　D、鸟类为什么要迁徙？至今还没有一个确切的答案。但是可以确定的是，候鸟迁徙的路线都相对固定。 　4、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是 　A、“朋友”这个词之所以让人轻松，是因为它可以组合，就像一套高档的组合家具，放在一起，有一种整体美，单独摆放，有一种独立美。 　B、在卡通文化潜移默化的影响下，新人类的表情、语调、动作乃至思维方式都卡通化了，扮鬼脸、作怪相、吐舌头，带夸张的、怪怪的、奶声奶气的说话声音，新近走红的小燕子那些言谈举止堪称此类的代表。 　C、战国人发展了春秋时已有的“天命靡常”的观点，命名当世为“战国”，又根据西周以后诸侯林立，各国国史均名曰“春秋”，称这段历史时期为“春秋”。 　D、在写作中，是否丰富，不在于字数的多少，而在于它是否形象鲜明地反映了事物的特征，抓住了事物的本质，是否写得有血有肉。 　 5、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是 　A、人类已经形成了“种地必须先耕地”的惯性思维，但是，我们在实践中发现，“不耕而种”这种看似原始的生产方式在今天却越来越体现出增产、环保、降低成本的众多好处。 　B、古人云：“感人心者，莫先乎情。”试想，如果没有对楚国的至情，屈原能弹出千古绝唱《离骚》吗？如果失去了对民族未来的至情，鲁迅在风雨如晦的时代能够如此《彷徨》、如此《呐喊》吗？　 　C、专家建议消费者在选购时，如果发现产品有强烈异味，可能存在甲苯残留，请不要购买。　 　D、“村主任拿着一张白纸，上面没有写任何明确的条款，挨家挨户地问我们是否同意卖地？同意就在上面签字按指纹，这样做符合国家的土地征用手续吗？”近日，福建省某地区一村民这样对记者说。　 　　 6、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、当我们为旺盛的旅游需求而欣喜的同时，是否也应该自问一下：屡创新高的游客人数，带来的仅仅是不断增加的旅游收入吗？　 　B、男女佳配，夫妻双双，是自然进化的规律。性别平衡绝对不能打破。以人为本、全面、协调的科学发展观，这一重大战略思想完全适用于解决人口性别失衡问题。　 　C、概括地说就是“尊重知识，尊重人才”八个字，事情成败的关键就是能不能发现人才，能不能使用人才？　 　D、没有意思硬要说，那是瞎说；意思没有想清楚随便说，就是乱说；那都是没有把话说好。　 　　 7、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、你是参加电子计算机培训班呢？还是参加理论物理学习班呢？　 　B、澳大利亚海关当局正在对代表团成员的历史记录进行反复核对，以核实在参加过悉尼奥运会和2002年盐湖城冬奥会以及即将参加雅典奥运会的运动员中，是否有人涉嫌走私兴奋剂。　 　C、金老师对他的学生说：“我们在学习上要不断进步，否则就要后退，古语不是说‘学如逆水行舟，不进则退嘛’。”　 　D、本来约好下午两点钟碰面，可我足足等了二、三个小时，他才来。　 　　 8、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、据调查，家长受广告的误导严重，不懂孩子的身体状况，不知道该补什么、怎么补、补多少，只是盲目地补钙、补铁、补锌、补维生素等。　 　B、王老师走进高三(5)班教室，问道：“作业写完了吗？同学们。”　 　C、同时，在产品的包装上、商标上、说明书的文字、图片上讲究精美，也是必要的。　 　D、上级领导对我们提出了三项要求：一是学习三个代表，提高觉悟；二是坚持改革创新，走可持续发展之路；三是关心员工的思想和生活，确保内部的安定团结。　 　　 　9、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、杨绛的《记钱钟书与围城》，给我们详尽地介绍了《围城》这部令人拍案叫绝的杰作是如何创作出来的？　 　B、什么是说明文的科学性呢？就是如实地反映客观事物，反映正确就是科学的。反之，就是不科学的。　 　C、江苏南通机场建成后，当地曾一阵欢喜，称“南通南通，不再‘难’通”。但事实上，南通机场开航至今，一直陷入亏损境地，成为当地的一个沉重负担。　 　D、还有不少因素使铁容易生锈，如水中有盐，铁制品表面不干净，表面粗糙，铁中杂有其他金属……等等。　 　　10、下列句子标点符号的使用，正确的一句是　 　A、白领人士中，“文明病”与“生活方式病”成为影响他们身心健康的主要原因，尤其是高血压病、冠心病、颈椎病和心理方面的疾病等……　 　B、如果由于与中国贸易，他们能得到更大的好处--经验证明实际是这样的，那末，在任何情况下，他们绝不会参与制裁行动。　 　C、“民告官”对大家而言，已不算新鲜，而重庆市含谷镇政府放弃强制手段，选择“官告民”依法行政的做法，的确令人耳目一新。　 　D、我国许多图书馆年经费仅一二万元，除去工资、办公费用、购书费可以想见还有多少。

1996年全国普通高等学校统一招生考试Ⅵ. 书面表达 (满分30分)你是李华，申请到一家外资企业工作。对方要求你用英语写一篇短文，介绍自己的基本情况。短文应包括下表所列全部内容。 注意：1. 情况介绍必须采用短文形式；2. 词数100个左右；3. 短文第一句已为你写好。生词：竞赛-competitionMy name is Li Hua.

My name is Li Hua. I was born in Dalian, Liaoning province in February 1977. I started school in 1984 when I was seven. I studied in Guangming Primary School from 1984 to 1990. After that I went to No.62 Middle School of Dalian and graduated this summer. The main subjects that I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer. I like English and computer best and I am very good at them. Last year I won first prize in the school computer competition. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps. My favorite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter.

2005年书面表达总汇全国I套第二节　 书面表达(满分25分)假定你是李华，正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确(箭头所指内容)。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。注意：1．词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好。2．可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3．参考词汇：牛津--Oxford　　 费用--fee

4.Post-reading

　 After reading the text again and then finish Exercises 3,4 and 6

Period	Name	Way of travel	Goods
Ancient times	/	Silk Road	Spices,glass
Han Dynasty	Gan Ying	Over land	Rhinoceros horn
Tang Dynasty	Du Huan	Over land/by sea	/
Ming Dynasty	Zheng He	By boat	Zebras,giraffes,ivory, Rhinoceros horns,shells

The Africans were reaching out to China	The Africans came to China.
The time was ripe.	It was the right moment.
The mouth of the Red Sea.	The entrance to the Red Sea.
For a short time,China had ruled the seas.	For a short time,China had been the most powerful country at sea.

Step 4 Language study

Speaking中的内容：

▲take possession of占领，占有/get possession of拿到，得到

　The capitalist is in possession of a large fortune.那个资本家拥有大宗财产。

　A large fortune is in the possession of the capitalist. 大宗财产掌握在那个资本家手中。

▲in the name of以……的名义，代表

I arrest you in the name of the law.我以法律的名义逮捕你。

The prime minister spoke in the name of the King.部长代表国王讲话。

I opened an account in the bank in your name.我以你的名义在银行开了一个账号。

He escaped under the name of Tom.他化名为Tom逃跑了

name构成的短语：

by name用(靠、按)名字，名叫；by the name of名叫……；name after以……命名

▲masses of/a mass of+countable noun(pl form)/+uncountable noun

　 in the mass总体上，总的说来/the mass of大多数的/mass education群众教育/a mass meeting群众会议

　 The young dancers worked so hard so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took masses of pictures of them.(许多)

▲be rich in/be poor in

　 Oranges are rich in Vitamin C含有丰富的维生素

　 a TV play rich in humour 富有幽默的电视剧

▲alternative

　 Have you got an alternative suggestion =another suggestion?你有没有其它建议？

　 Caught in the act,he had no alternative/choice but to confess/did nothing but confess.

他被当场抓获，除了招供别无选择。

▲available

　 This was the only available room.这是唯一可以利用的房间。

　 You will be informed when the book becomes available.这本书有货时就通知你。

　 Tickets are available at the box office.票房有票。

▲equip…with

　 You’d better equip your bike with a head light.你最好在自行车装个前灯。

　 They have equipped the army with modern weapons. 他们已经为部队装备了现代化的武器。

The army has been equipped with modern weapons. (被动语态)

课文中的内容

▲Trade and curiosity have often formed① the foundation for mankind’s greatest endeavor②To people of early civilizations, the world map was a great puzzle③.Marco Polo's stories inspired④Christopher Columbus and other European explorers to search⑤for sea routes⑥to the distant, wealth Asian Land. However, long before⑦ that brave merchants were the real explorers of the Western Ocean. 贸易和好奇常常构成人类巨大努力的基础。对于早期文明的人们来说，世界地图是一个极大的困惑。马可波罗的故事激励了克里斯托弗·哥伦布和其他的欧洲探险家去探索能到达遥远、富饶的亚洲大陆的海上航线。然而，远在这之前，勇敢的商人是真正的西部海洋的探险者。

①　　 form the foundation for mankind’s greatest endeavor 形成人们努力(探索世界)的基础

②　　 endeavor：to try very hard

They endeavored to change society.

He endeavored to climb the mountain.

You must endeavor to do it better.你必须尽力把它做好。

Please make every endeavor to get up early.请尽量早起。

③　　 puzzle vt.

归纳拓展 sb + be puzzled感到疑惑 sth + be puzzling 令人疑惑 sth + puzzle + sb使…疑惑

▲使迷惑;使为难,使窘困

What puzzles me is why they didn't show up.令我百思不解的是他们为什么没有出现。

He looked a little puzzled.他看上去有点困惑。

His recent behavior puzzles me.他最近的行为使我迷惑不解。

▲苦思而得出[(+out)]

I could not puzzle out her intentions.我猜不出她的意图。

We finally puzzled out the meaning of the poem.我们苦苦思索终于理解这首诗的意思。

▲vi.感到迷惑[(+at)]

I have been puzzling about this question for weeks now.我对这个问题已冥思苦想了好几个星期。

苦思,冥思苦想[(+about/over/as to)]

▲n. (游戏的)猜谜,智力竞赛[C]

难题,谜,难以理解之事[S1]

Her decision was a puzzle to him.她的决定对他来说是个谜。

▲困惑,迷惑[S]

I'm in a puzzle as to how to cope with the new situation.我不知道该如何应付这新局面。

This is one of the most _____ case.(puzzling)

He had a p_____ look on his face.　 (puzzled)

Scientists are _____ as to why the whale had swum to the shore.(puzzled)

What ____ me is why he left without saying goodbye.(puzzles)

④　　 inspire sb to do鼓舞某人做某事/encourage sb to do sth

⑤　　 search 　

归纳拓展 search spl / sb for sth在…寻找… search for sth/make a search for 寻找某物 in search of 寻找;寻求 in (one’s / the) search for…寻找… search sb搜查某人的身体

他们正在村里搜查那个强盗。

　 They are searching for the robber in the village.

　 They are searching the village for the robber.

　 Cf:The policeman is searching the robber to see if he had a gun..

警察正在搜那个强盗的身看他有没有带枪。

I searched shop after shop for my sister’s birthday present.

为了给妹妹买生日礼物我跑了一家又一家商店。 I will make a search for your book. I looked everywhere in search of my glasses.

⑥　　 routes--a way from one place to another

What's the best route to Cambridge?

a bus route

If you don't enjoy driving on the main highways, try some of the rural routes.

⑦　　 long before, before long(= soon )

归纳拓展 long before和状语,与完成时态连用 long before + n. /从句　 早在…之前 It be (not) long before　 很久之后才/不久就…. before long不久以后,与将来时或过去时连用

There was a lively market long before. Before long you will understand what I said is good for you. I had waited him long before he came. It won’t be long before you see him again. It was long before they escaped from the cruel prison.

▲It is well known that① Africa had contacts with② India and the Red Sea civilizations from the earliest times. Silk from China found its way③ over land along the Silk Road to India, the Middle East and Rome, in exchange④ for spices and glass, which was not known to China. Silk was also traded along the coasts of the India Ocean. Ceylon, ⑤withits central position, was the place where Chinese merchants met with Arab merchants and heard about the westernmost lands. Thus, people of the Han Dynasty knew about Africa and had books with description of the kingdoms on the African coast and the Red Sea. In 97 AD, Gan Ying, a Chinese ambassador went to the East Roman Empire over land and returned to Luoyang with a present from an African king-- rhinoceros horns. 众所周知，很早很早以前，非洲就与印度和红海文明有联系。中国的丝绸沿丝绸之路运往印度、中东和罗马去交换香料和玻璃--这些是在中国根本没人知道的东西。沿印度洋海岸也有丝绸贸易。锡兰，凭借其中心位置，成为中国商人会见阿拉伯商人和了解最西方国家的地方。因此，汉朝人了解非洲并且有书籍描述了红海和非洲沿岸国家的情况。公元97年，甘英，一位中国大使，从陆路到了东罗马并且把一位非洲国王所赠的礼物一犀牛角带回到洛阳。

①　　 It is well known that …众所周知。这是固定句型。此句可换成：As is well known, …

It is well known that he works hard. = As is well known, he works hard.

②　　 have contacts with/contact to有/联系have contacts with与某人有联系接触

③　　 find one’s way 设法到达

归纳拓展 feel one’s way摸索着走、谨慎行事　　　　 fight one’s way奋勇前进 force one’s way挤着向前走　　　　　　　　 wind one’s way曲折前进 make one’s way去……途中　　　　　　　　 lose one’s way迷路 push one’s way 挤出一条路 all the way　　　　　　　　　　　 by the way by way of　　　　　　　　　　　 in a way in no way　　　　　　　　　　　 in the way

④　　 exchange

exchange…for　　　　　 in exchange for

I’d like to exchange five apples for five eggs. Mary exchanged her seat with Ann. She is giving him English lessons in exchange for his teaching her Chinese.她教他英语，他教她汉语。

I gave him a book in exchange for his MP3 player.

I’ve offered to paint the kitchen in exchange for a week’s accommodation.(膳宿)

They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.他们用劳动换取食物和栖身之处。

⑤　　 with + n. + prep.构成with结构:

归纳拓展 with + n. / pron. + adj. with + n. / pron. + adv. with + n. / pron. + doing with + n. / pron. + done with + n. / pron. + to do

He sat there with his eyes closed.眼睛闭着

He left the room, with the candle burning on the table.桌上点着蜡烛

With a lot of work to do, I can’t go out with you.有许多工作要做

I’d like to sleep with the door open/the lights on.把窗户开着/把灯开着

He stood there with a book in his hand.手上拿着一本书

▲Over the next few hundred years, the Swahili kingdoms and the islands off① the African coast developed② into the world’s trading centre for ivory, spices, rhinoceros horns, shells, animal skins and sugar. They were traded to merchants from the Arabic countries, Egypt, Greece, Rom, India, Ceylon and China. 在以后的几百年间，索马里王国以及非洲沿海的岛屿发展成为了世界贸易中心，主要经营象牙、香料、犀牛角；贝壳、动物皮毛和糖。这些物品远销到阿拉伯国家、埃及、希腊，罗马、印度、锡兰和中国的商人手中。

▲The Arabic contacts to the American coast led to the next meeting between black people and Chinese. In the year 751, the Chinese traveler, Du Huan, was taken prisoner① by the Arabic army. He escaped, and after a long journey wandering② through Arabic countries. 这些阿拉伯人与非洲海岸的接触为后来一位中国人和黑人的会谈准备了条件。公元751年，中国的旅行家--杜环被阿拉伯军队所俘虏。他逃跑了，在经历了阿拉伯国家的长途跋涉之后，于公元762年乘小船回到祖国。回国后，他写了《经行记》，讲述了中亚、阿拉伯以及非洲国家的情况。　

①be taken prisoner被抓: take sb prisoner逮捕/capture sb 俘获，捉拿

　 put sb in prison,take sb to prison,send sb to prison把……关进监狱

throw sb into prison把……投进监狱

②wander ( 常与about /in/ through连用) The children wandered around the town with nothing to do.那些孩子无所事事，在街上闲逛。

The boy wandered the neighbourhood,looking for the dog.那孩子走遍了邻里街坊，找他那条狗。

▲In the eleventh century, the Africans made several voyages to the court of the Song Dynasty. It was a major development that the Americans were ①reaching out to China. The earliest Asian cultural relic found in Africa also ②dates from this period. A small bronze statue of a lion has been found in the Swahili town of Shanga. Nothing similar has ever been found in East Africa. 在十一世纪，非洲人曾几次通过海路到达宋朝王宫。这是非洲人开始了解中国的一次大发展。在非洲发现的最早的亚洲文化遗产也是从这一时期开始的。一个小青铜狮子塑像已经在尚加的索马里城发现了，还没有类似的东西在东非被发现。

①Not a single word reached my ears. 到达，传入

He reached out his hand for the knife , but it was too far away. 伸手拿

Our campus reaches to the river. 延伸到

Jim reached for a gun but he was stopped. 伸手去取某物

②date from/back to

　 The castle dates back to/dates from the 14^th century.这座城堡建于14世纪。

▲The contacts between China and Africa over the countries had led to the awareness of each other’s existence①, but still no accurate② maps of the countries around the Indian Ocean existed. By the beginning of the fifteenth century the time was ripe for a grand meeting③.In East Africa the coastal towns were reaching the height of④ their power. In the east, China ⑤prospered under a new dynasty. The Ming government had a large navy and the will to use it. 中国和非洲几个世纪的接触让双方知道了彼此的存在，但当时还没有精确的地图描述印度洋周围的国家。到了15世纪初，召开一次大型会议的时机已经成熟。东非沿岸城市正进入鼎盛时期。而在东方，中国在一个新的朝代的统治下也繁荣起来了。明朝政府拥有一支强大的海军并且也有发挥这支海军作用的想法。

①the awareness of each other’s existence意识到彼此的存在

②accurate, correct, exact辨析(inaccurate adj. 不准确的)

均含“正确的”意思。

accurate 表示“准确的”,精确的”,指“通过努力, 使事情达到正确”

She gave an accurate account of the accident. 她对事故做了准确的描述。

correct 为一般用语, 指“正确的”

He gave correct answers to the questions. 他对这些问题提出了正确的答案。

exact 表示“确切的”,“精确无误的”,指“与事实完全相符”

His answer is quite exact. 他的回答完全正确。

right很多情况下可与correct互换，但常有道德上认可的含义

the right course of action正确的行动方针

③Was the peach ripe or green?那桃子是熟的还是生的？

④reach the height of power到达了繁盛时期

⑤prosper under a new dynasty在新的朝代下繁荣昌盛(prosperity)

　 The business is prospering.生意兴隆。

　 He wished the young couple a life of happiness and prosperity.他祝这对新人生活幸福，万事如意。

▲In the years between 1405 and 1433, seven large treasure fleets① sailed westwards on voyages of trade and exploration②. Under the command③ of Zheng He, the fleets set sail④ from the South China Sea across the Indian Ocean to the mouth of the Read Sea, and then traveled further south, discovering the eastern coast of Africa. 从1405年到1433年，七艘大型的珠宝商船到西方进行贸易和探险航行。在郑和的带领下，这支船队从中国南海出发，跨越印度洋到达红海口，然后继续向南航行，发现了非洲东海岸。

①treasure fleets 商船队

②sail westwards on voyages of exploration下西洋从事探险

③command vt., vi.(常与to, that连用)命令；指挥；统率 The officer commanded his men to fire. 军官下令士兵开火。 He commanded silence. 他命令大家肃静。

He commanded that everyone make the best of the chance of Senior Three.

他要求人人都要充分利用高三的机会

博得；赢得

Einstein was really a great man who is able to command everyone's respect.

爱因斯坦确是位伟大的人物,他能博得人人的尊敬。

掌握；控制；对…有支配权to command oneself控制自己

n. 命令

command internal(计算机的)内部命令

under the command of …在……的领导之下

The army is under the king's command. 军队由国王直接统率。

The army is under the command of General Washington. Bill is in command of the fleet.

She has a good command of the French language. 她精通法语。

④set sail (to / from / for) 起航

　 ▲Zheng He renewed relations①with the kingdoms of the East African coast. The African king sent the Ming emperor a royal present②; two giraffes. The wonderful gift and the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that Zhang He sent a message③ to the king and to other African states, inviting them to send ambassadors, and open embassies④ in the new Ming capital, Beijing. The response of the African rulers was very generous; They sent the emperor zebras, giraffes, shells, elephant ivory and rhinoceros-horn medicine. In return⑤, the Ming court sent gold, spices, silk, and various other presents. The exchange of goods had a symbolic meaning⑥ far more important than the value of the goods themselves. By trading with the fleet the African kings were showing their friendship to the emperor of China. 郑和恢复了和非洲东海岸国家的联系。非洲国王送给明朝皇帝一个皇室的礼物：两只长颈鹿。这个精美的礼物和与非洲国家的接触使中国人对非洲如此好奇，以至于郑和给那个国王和别的非洲国家送信，邀请他们派大使并在明朝首都--北京开办大使馆。这些非洲国家的领导者很慷慨，他们给明朝皇帝送来了斑马、长颈鹿、贝壳、大象象牙和犀牛角药品。作为往来，明朝皇帝给他们送去了黄金、香料、丝绸和各种别的礼物。这种礼物的交换的象征意义远远重于这些物品本身的价值。通过和这支船队的贸易，非洲国王开始表示对中国皇帝的友谊。

①　　 renew relations重新确立关系

②　　 send sb. a royal present送某人贵重礼物

③　　 He sent a message to…, inviting them to send….他发信给…, 邀请他们派…。

指点迷津 当表示打电话、写信、发电报告诉某人做某事时，常用-ing形式表示伴随。

④　　 open embassies设立使馆

⑤　　 in return作为回报

⑥　　 a symbolic meaning 象征意义

▲The fleet made several expeditions before the exploration was stopped, probably for economic reasons. For a short time, China had ruled the seas. After 1433, the Ming court realised its greatest challenges and opportunities to be at home. 这支船队在结束探险之前或许是为了经济原因进行了几次远征。短期内，中国成为海上霸主。1433年以后，明朝意识到国内存在着巨大的机遇和挑战。

国内外 at home and abroad

Unit 2 Crossing limits -- Integrating Skills

GOING HIGH: THE PIONEERS OF THE THIRD POLE 登高--第三极的开路先锋

By the middle of the 1920s the farthest corners of the earth already been explored; the continents and the oceans had been mapped, the north and South Poles had been reached, and the origins①of the world’s major rivers had been discovered. All that was left to be conquered was the “third pole”, the highest mountain on earth, Mount Qomolangma. Some suggested it could not be accomplished②. At that time going to Qomolangma was like going to moon. 20世纪20年代中期，连地球最远的角落都已经有人探索过了：大陆和海洋都已经绘制了地图，南极和北极都已经有人到过了，世界主要河流的源头也都已经被发现。留下来有待征服的地方是“第三极”，这就是地球上的最高峰--珠穆朗玛峰。有人曾经说过这是不可能完成的。在那个时候，去珠穆朗玛峰就像登月一样难。

①the origins of the world’s major rivers世界上主要河流的源头

“We cannot escape our origins, however hard we try" (James Baldwin)

“无论如何努力，我们也改变不了我们的出身”(詹姆斯·鲍德温)

Many Americans are African by origin.许多美国人是非洲血统。

②accomplish / complete / finish / achieve

This task is accomplished by great effort.完成这项任务花了很大力气。

He accomplished a great deal during his first year.第一年他就取得了很多成绩。

It is the workers who will accomplish this task.就是工人们将完成这项任务。

accomplish指做到底，实现一个计划，通常接task, aim, journey, voyage trip等名词

如：to accomplish a trip完成一次旅行

finish在许多情况下多与complete换用，但不及complete正式，指完成应做的事，强调事情的了结、终止；指完成日常的事，

如：He has finished the homework.他完成了作业。

complete可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词指加上缺少的部分

如：to complete the sentence把句子补充完整

　 Climbing at such high altitudes①requires great skill and is not without risk②. Apart from③ the cold, thin air and low oxygen levels can cause mountain sickness④, which can kill. Some people can never go above 4,000 metres because their body is unable to adjust to these extreme conditions⑤. Above about 5,200 metres, in the "death zone", humans can only survive for a couple of days⑥, even with extra oxygen. 爬上这样的高度需要极大的技能，而且不是没有危险的。除了天气寒冷之外，空气稀薄和含氧量低都可能诱发致人死亡的高山病。有些人从来不能登上4,000米的高度，因为他们的身体不能适应这些极端的条件。在5,200米的高度以上就是“死亡地带”了，即使带了额外的氧气，人们也只能存活一、两天。

①at such high altitudes 在如此高的海拔高度

②be not without risk　 不无风险

③apart from除……之外(aside from)

All the children like music apart from Bobby. 除了博比外所有的孩子都喜欢音乐。

The writer lives apart from his family.作家不与家人同住。

Apart from being too large, the trousers don't suit me.这条裤子不但太大,而且我穿着也不合适。

Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.除了很少的几句外,我对法语一无所知。

apart adv. 相隔;相距;除去;分开地

Alice and her husband now live apart.

New York and Tokyo are thousands of miles apart.

They planted the trees three meters apart.

She lives apart from her family.

A few little things apart, the party was a great success.

He works until nine o’clock every evening,and that’s quite apart from the work he does over the weekend.

他每天晚上工作到9点,这还不算他周末加班。

归纳拓展：apart from，in addition(to)，besides ，as well(as)，except for，except，but

apart from这个复合介词兼有“除外”和“包括”的双重意义。

以下短语或单词意义相近，均表示“除……之外还有……”这一“附加”意义。

in addition(to) besides，as well (as)

以下短语或单词均表示“除……之外没有……”这一“排除”意义

except for　except　but

④cause mountain sickness引发高原反应

⑤adjust to these extreme conditions适应极端的环境

⑥a couple of days 几天

　　 The Tibetans have lived in the Himalayas for centuries and have adjusted to the conditions at such a great height①. To them, the mountain were sacred②, and they would not climb them for that reason. When Westerners came to climb Mount Qomolangma, the Sherpas, who live in Tibet, northern India and Nepal, acted as guides③. From the first British Qomolangma expedition in1921, Sherpa strength, skill, honesty and dedication④have made them ideal⑤ companion⑥ son the mountains. Every Qomolangma expedition since then has relied on Sherpa support. 西藏人几个世纪来一直住在喜玛拉雅山上，对那样的高山条件已经适应了。对他们来说，山是神圣的，他们不会因为想征服高山而爬山。当西方人来爬珠穆朗玛峰的时候，住在西藏、印度北部和尼泊尔的夏尔巴人就来当向导。从1921年第一支英国探险队攀登珠穆朗玛峰起，夏尔巴人的力量、技能、诚实和奉献精神使他们成为山上理想的好伙伴。从那以后，每一支珠穆朗玛峰的探险队都要依赖夏尔巴人的支持和帮助。

①at such a great height　 在这么高的地方

②sacred　 adj.

神圣的；与神有关的　　　

Temples, mosques, churches and synagogues are all sacred buildings. 寺庙、清真寺、基督教堂及犹太教堂都是奉献给神的建筑物。

宗教的，与宗教有关的

sacred writings宗教经典　

The Koran is the sacred book of the Muslims. 可兰经是伊斯兰教徒的圣书。

(常与to连用)神圣不可侵犯的

He considered it a sacred duty to fulfill his dead father's wishes. 他认为实现父亲的遗愿是神圣的义务。

严肃的；郑重的；庄严的:　　 a sacred promise郑重的诺言

习惯用法

be sacred from免除, 不受

hold sacred尊重, 保护

③act as guides充当向导

act as 扮演;担当;充当。后面所接的名词常可不加冠词。

A trained dog can act as a guide to a blind man.经过训练的犬可以充当盲人的向导。

One of his friends acted as go-between.他的一个朋友充当介绍人。

④honesty and dedication诚实和奉献精神

⑤ideal adj.理想的；完美的

This dictionary is ideal - it's exactly what I needed这本词典很理想，正是我所需要的。

空想的；想象中的:　 ideal plans for making money赚钱的空想计划

n.理想；理想的东西；最终目的: to realize one's ideal实现最终目的

⑥make them ideal companions使他们成为理想的伴侣

One of the first foreign expeditions to climb Mount Qomolangrna arrived in Tibet in 1921. They had no idea what they were up against①. British expeditions returned in 1922 and 1924, but failed to reach the top. The local Tibetans and Sherpas laughed at the strange bottles containing what they referred to as②"English air". In 1924 two British men were lost. When their oxygen ran out③, they had no chance of surviving.　 After World War II, technological advances④in clothing and equipment had been made, and more was known about the mountain itself, which by now had been flown over several times by aircraft. The New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, as members of a British team, were the first to make it⑤to the summit of Mount Qomolangma. They reached the top on May 29, 1953. 最先来攀登珠穆朗玛峰的探险队中，有一支是1921年到达西藏的。他们对将要面临的情况毫无所知。两个英国探险队1922年和1924年返回重新登山，但都没能登上顶峰。当地的西藏人和夏尔巴人对着那些奇形怪状的瓶子发笑，瓶子里装的是他们所说的“英国空气”。1924年两名英国人失踪了。当他们的氧气用完后，他们就无法生存了。第二次世界大战后，服装和装备都在技术上取得了进步，人们对高山本身也有了更多的了解。到现在为止，飞机已经多次飞越了山峰。新西兰人艾德蒙·希拉里和夏尔巴人登舍·诺吉作为英国登山队的成员，是第一批登上珠穆朗玛最高峰的人。他们是1953年5月29日到达顶峰的。

①be up against面对，对抗

up against difficulties面临困难

②refer to sth/sb as认为某人某物…

refer　 vt., vi. (-rr-)(常与to 连用)涉及；提到；查资料；参考；针对；有关；提交；交付

The new law does not refer to farm land. 新法律与耕地无关。

The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers.商店把投诉转交给制造商。

习惯用语

refer oneself to依赖, 求助于

refer to提到, 谈到, 涉及　 参考, 查阅　 向...打听[查询]　 认为与...有关, 认为...起源于...

refer to sb. [sth.] as称某人[物]为

③run out用尽，用完(= become used up)其主语通常为时间、食物以及金钱等名词。

His money soon ran out.他的钱不久就用光了。

拓展

run out of用完了，表示主动含义，主语一般是人。

He is always running out of money before pay day.他总是在发工资前就用光了钱。

表示“用光、用尽”的还有：use up,give out

All those I had are used up.我所有的都用光了。

They have used up their money.他们用光了钱。

The fuel gave out.燃料用光了。

You can’t have a hot bath-the water will give out.你不能洗热水澡了。水要没了。

从以上例子可看出，虽然这些词组都表示“用光、用完”，但use up,run out of 为及物动词，而run out,give out为不及物动词。

归纳拓展:run into遇上，偶然遇到;陷于，碰上(困境、麻烦等)

I ran into Emma on my way home.我在回家的路上碰到了Emma。

If you run into difficulties,try to overcome them.如遇困难，要努力去克服。

[注意]run out of还有“从…中流出”之义；run out也表示“流出”，但其后不接宾语。

④make technological advances in…作出技术的进步

⑤make it做成功，达成; make it to +地点 到达某地

In later years the question arose① who was the first to reach the top. Whenever he was asked, Sherpa Tenzing Norgay's answer was, "We climbed as a team, period.'' Like winning in the Olympic Games, climbing a mountain such as Mount Qomolangma is a great personal achievement. Climbing the mountain is still one of man's greatest challenges. Since 1953 several hundred people have succeeded in climbing the mountain, some to be the first woman, some to be the first woman, some to be the first of their nation and many in attempts①to climb the mountain over different slopes. 在随后的岁月里，问题就产生了：谁是第一个登上顶峰的?每当人们问到夏尔巴人登舍·诺吉的时候，他总是回答说，“我们是作为一个集体登山的。”就像在奥林匹克运动会上取得胜利一样，攀登像珠穆朗玛峰这样高的山是个人的一项巨大成就。登珠峰现在仍然是对人类的最大挑战。从1953年以来，已经有好几百人成功地登上了这座山，有的是第一个登上峰顶的妇女，有的是自己国家的第一人，还有许多人试图从不同的山坡爬上去。

①arise vi. (arose, arisen) 出现，呈现；发生

arise from / out of由…引起(产生)

Some unexpected difficulties / opportunities have arisen.出现了一些意外的困难(机会)。

arise vi.出现，发生；由……引起，由……发生

A difficulty arose right here.困难就在这里。

How did the quarrel arise?这次争吵是怎么引起的？

rise vi.升起，上涨；raise vt.举起，提高，提升，提出；饲养(羊、鸡等)，抚养(子女等)，招募(军队等)，募捐(钱等)。

②in attempts to climb the mountain over different slopes尝试从不同的山坡登山

in one’s attempt to do 尝试做某事

attempt n. vt. 尝试，企图；企图杀害

The prisoner attempted an escape but failed.那个囚犯尝试越狱，但没有成功。

They attempted a surprise attack.他们企图实施突然的打击。

They attempted to climb Mt Everest.

He attempted breaking the world record.

He failed in his attempt to win first prize.

attempted adj. 未遂的，意图的。an attempted murder一次未遂谋杀

The Chinese made their first successful attempt in 1960. On May 25 of that year, Gongbu, Wang Fuzhou and Qu Yinhua reached the summit of Qomolangma in darkness, so they were unable to take photos①of evidence. They left behind an iron container with the national flag and a portrait②of Chairman Mao was the youngest ever to have reached the summit. On their return③, they were praised as④national heroes. On May 27, 1975, another Chinese team climbed Qomolangma from its northern side. Over the past 40 years, 29 other Chinese people have climbed Qomolangma successfully. 中国人首次成功的尝试是在1960年。当年的5月25日，贡布、王富洲和屈银华登上了珠穆朗玛峰的顶峰。因为天黑，他们无法拍下照片，证明他们已登上顶峰。所以他们留下一个铁桶，里面放着一面国旗和毛泽东主席的像片。屈银华当年只有25岁，是爬上山顶的最年轻的人。他们返回后被誉为民族英雄。1975年5月27日，另一支中国登山队从北面攀登珠穆朗玛峰。在过去的40年里，还有另外的29位中国人成功地登上了珠穆朗玛峰。

①take photos照相

②a portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong毛主席头像

③on one’s return返回

介词on / upon后常接动词性的名词或动名词，表示“刚…就…；一…就”。

On his arrival at the airport, he was arrested by the police.一到机场

On his arrival in Beijing, I called him up on the phone. .一到北京

Upon hearing from you, I shall let her know.一收到你的来信

归纳拓展

一…就…

as soon as (so soon as仅用于否定句)

He wrote his family a letter as soon as he found a job.

the moment…

The moment he reached the classroom, he began to study.

immediately

I recognized her immediately I saw her.

Immediately he opened the door, the telephone rang.

the instant / minute / second…

He came the instant I called his name.

no sooner…than…

His head had no sooner touché the pillow than he fell asleep.他一上床就睡着了。

No sooner had the medical workers arrived than they began treating the injured.

hardly…when / before…

Hardly had we started when it began to rain.

3. Read the passage and point out the topic sentence for each paragraph.

Para.1 thesis sentence 论题Many great explorers made expeditions across the Indian Ocean long before Columbus ,among whom Zheng He was the most outstanding.

Para.2 China had contacts with countries along the Indian Ocean from the early times,and during ancient time explorers had begun to contact with each other.

Para3. Between the Han and the early Tang Dynasty,Swahili kingdom and the islands off the African coast developed into the world trade center and attracted merchants from the world.

Para.4 During the Tang Dynasty,Du Huan,who traveled to many lands,wrote the book Record of My Travels.

Para.5.In the 11^th century the Africans made several voyages to the court of the Song Dynasty.

Para6. By the beginning of the 15^th century the time was ripe for a grand meeting.

Para7.In the years between 1406 and 1433,under the command of Zheng He ,seven large treasure fleets sailed westwards on voyages of trade and exploration.

Para8 .Zheng He renewed relations with the kingdom of the East African coast.

Para9.The fleet made several expeditions before the exploration was stopped.

10.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?

bus’ exploration was stopped for economic reasons.

B.No accurate maps of the countries around the Indian Ocean existed before Zheng He.

C.In the Ming Dynasty China had the most powerful navy in the world.

D.The giraffe was an animal that could not be found in China in the Ming Dynasty.

9.“In the east,China prospered under a new dynasty.”The underlined part refers to　　　　 .

A.the Han Dynasty　　 B.the Song Dynasty　 C.the Qin Dynasty　 D.the Ming Dynasty

8.The small bronze statue of a lion found in Shanga most probably came from　　　　 .

a　　　　　　　　 B.Rome　　　 C.Greece　　　　　　　　　　 D.London

7.The text is mainly about　　　　 .

A.how the Silk Road was formed

B.how China developed trading relations with Arabic countries

C.Zheng He’s expeditions across the Indian Ocean

D.the history of China’s opening to the outside world

6.Who does “The Chinese Columbus” refer to?

A.The Ming emperor.　 B.Du Huan.　 C.The Chinese ambassador.　 D.Zheng He.