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1. can 和be able to

1)情态动词can只有两种时态形式,现在式can和过去式could,而be able to有多种时态形式

Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5.  

玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。

2)用在过去时中,could经常表示能够做某事,事实上不一定去做,而was / were able to则表示“过去做成了某事”。在否定句中两者可通用。

He could swim across the English Channel. But he didn’t feel like it that day.

他能游过英吉利海峡,但那天他不想游。

Yesterday I was able to get home before the heavy rain.   昨天我在下大雨前赶到了家里。

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1. 情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法

1) 情态动词+动词完成式

情态动词+动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + done分词”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。

must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测。其否定或疑问形式都用can(could) 来表示。  例如:  

① Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night.

② He can’t have missed the way. I drew him a map.

③ The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?

当然对现在发生或将来发生的事情,要用must do 表示猜测, 否定为can’t do。例如:

④ He must understand that we mean business.

⑤ You must be hungry after a long walk.

may / might have done表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如:

⑥ I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.

could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批评. 本应该做什么,而没做; 有时也用作猜测。例如:

⑦ You could have told us earlier.

⑧ Tom could have taken the dictionary.

ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldn’t have done用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如:

⑨ With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.

⑩ You ought not to have made fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.

needn’t have done 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为“本没必要…”。例如:

⑾ You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today.

[注意]表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。例如:

    ⑿ ---I wonder how Tom knew about your past.  

---He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.

2) 情态动词+动词进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + doing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:

① He must be playing basketball in the room.

② She may be staying at home.

3) 情态动词+动词完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:

① They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.

② He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.|

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9.特殊情态动词need和dare的用法:

need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。

1) 用作情态动词。例如:|

① You needn’t telephone him now.   你现在不必打电话给他。

② I don’t think you need worry.   我想你不必发愁。

③ She dare not go out alone at night.   她晚上不敢一个人出去。

④ How dare you say I’m unfair?   你竟敢说我不公平?_

2) 用作实义动词。例如:

① You don’t need to do it yourself.   你不必亲自做这件事。

② We need to tell them the news.   我们需要把这消息告诉他们。

③ The table needs painting (to be painted.).   桌子需要油漆一下。

④ We should dare to give our own opinion.   我们要敢于提出自己的观点。

⑤ He did not dare (to) look up.   他不敢抬头看。

⑥ I dare say he’ll come again.   我想他会再来的。

[注意](I dare say…为固定习语)

◆ 难点突破

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8. used to

表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在不复发生或存在。疑问式和否定式有两种。例如:i

① There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.   街道拐角处过去有座楼房,现在拆了。

② I usedn’t (didn’t use) to smoke.   我过去不抽烟。j }F

③ Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗?

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7.ought to

1) 表义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务等该做),口气比should稍重。例如:

① You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲,应当管他。

② You oughtn’t to smoke so much.   你不应该抽这么多烟。

2) 表推测,暗含很大的可能,语气较弱。例如:

① Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。

② There’s a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.  今天有晚霞,明天应该是个好天。

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6.  would

1) 表意愿。例如::

① They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. 他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。

② I said I would do anything for you.   我说过我愿意为你做任何事。

2) 表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。例如:

① Would you mind cleaning the window?   请把窗户擦一下好吗?

② They wouldn’t have anything against it.   他们不会有什么反对意见。

3) 表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。例如::

Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.   她每遇到麻烦都会向她求助。他告诉我盒子打不开了。

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5. should

1) 表义务。意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。例如:

① You should be polite to your teachers.   你对老师应该有礼貌。

② You shouldn’t waste any time.   你不应该浪费时间。

2) 表推测,意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等。例如:

① The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.  这部新电影是一流演员主演的,估计拍得很好。

② They should be home by now.   照说他们现在应当已经到家了。

3)(表示不确定)万一。例如:

① If I should see him, I'll tell him. 万一我见到他,我就告诉他。

② If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be postponed. 万一明天下雨,比赛就延期举行。"

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4.will

1) 表意愿,用于各种人称陈述句。例如:

① I will do anything for you.   我愿为你做任何事。

② None is so blind as those who won’t see.   不愿看的人眼最瞎。

③ If you will read the book, I’ll lend it to you.  如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。

2) 表请求,用于疑问句。例如:

① Will you close the window?   请你把窗户关上好吗?

② Won’t you drink some more coffee?   再来一点咖啡好吗?

3) 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。例如:

① Fish will die out of water.   鱼离开水就不能活。

② The door won’t open.  这门打不开。

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3.shall

1) 表征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。例如:

① Shall I get you some tea?   我给你点茶好吗?

② Shall the boy wait outside?  让那男孩在外面等吗?

2) 表说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。例如:

① You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)

② You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。(允诺)

③ He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 有一天他会后悔的,我告诉你。(警告)

④ Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan. 什么也不能阻止我们执行这项计划。(决心)

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2.may (might)

1) 表允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。例如:

① You may take whatever you like.你喜欢什么就拿什么。

② May (Might) I ask for a photo of your baby? 我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?

在回答以may引起的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其它方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don’t. / You’d better not. / No, you mustn’t.等,以免显得太严峻或不客气。

2) 表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。例如:

① He may be at home.   他可能在家。\

② She may not know about it.   她可能不知道这件事。

must

1) 表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。例如:

① We must do everything step by step.   我们一切都必须循序渐进地做。

② --Must we hand in our exercise books now?我们现在就要交练习本吗?

--No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to.   不必。

4) 表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等,只用于肯定句。例如:

① He must be ill. He looks so pale.   他准是病了。他的脸色苍白。

② She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 她戴着钻石项链,一定很有钱。:

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