1、　　 on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is 　　　major concern of the country.

A、The;/　　　 B、The;a　　　 C、An;the　　 D、An;/

1. clothes, cloth, clothing 　clothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数， cloth指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of 2. incident, accident 　incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident. 3. amount, number 　amount后接不可数名词， number后接可数名词 a number of students 4. family, house, home 　home 家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is a happy one. 5. sound, voice, noise 　sound自然界各种各样的声音，voice人的嗓音，noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside. 6. photo, picture, drawing 　photo用照相机拍摄的照片，picture可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing画的画 Let's go and see a good picture. 7. vocabulary, word 　vocabulary词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word具体的单词He has a large vocabulary. 8. population, people 　population人口，人数，people具体的人 China has a large population. 9. weather, climate 　weather一天内具体的天气状况，climate长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you. 10. road, street, path, way 　road具体的公路，马路，street街道，path小路，小径，way道路，途径 　take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum. 11. course, subject 　course课程(可包括多门科目)，subject科目(具体的学科)a summer course 12. custom, habit 　custom传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do， habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing. I've got the habit of drinking a lot. 13. cause, reason 　cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late 14. exercise, exercises, practice 　exercise运动，锻炼(不可数)，exercises练习(可数)，practice(反复做的)练习 Practice makes perfect. 15. class, lesson 　作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 5 16. speech, talk, lecture 　speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on… 17. officer, official 　officer部队的军官，official政府官员 an army officer 18. work, job 　二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数 a good job 19. couple, pair 　couple主要指人或动物，pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers 20. country, nation, state, land 　country侧重指版图，疆域，nation指人民，国民，民族，state侧重指政府，政体，land国土，国家 The whole nation was sad at the news. 21. cook, cooker 　cook厨师，cooker厨具 He is a good cook. 22. damage, damages 　damage不可数名词, 损害，损失; damages复数形式, 赔偿金 $900 damages 23. police, policeman 　police警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning everyone in the house. 24. problem, question 　problem常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question常和疑问连系，多和ask, answer连用 25. man, a man 　man人类，a man一个男人 Man will conquer nature. 26. chick, chicken 　二者均可指小鸡，chicken还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious. 27. telegram, telegraph 　当电报解时，telegram指具体的，telegraph指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph 28. trip, journey, travel, voyage 　travel是最常用的，trip指短期的旅途，journey指稍长的旅途，voyage指海上航行 a three-day trip 29. sport, game 　sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等；game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming. 30. price, prize 　price价格，prize奖，奖品，奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low. 31. a number of, the number of 　a number of许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of…的数目，谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing. 32. in front of, in the front of 　in front of范围外的前面，in the front of范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy. 33. of the day, of a day 　of the day每一天的，当时的，当代的， of a day暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day 34. three of us, the three of us 　three of us我们(不止三个)中的三个，the three of us我们三个(就三个人)The three of us---Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema. 35. by bus, on the bus 　by bus表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus表范围 They went there by bus. 36. for a moment, for the moment 　for a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment暂时，一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed. 37. next year, the next year 　next year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语 He said he would go abroad the next year. 38. more than a year, more than one year 　more than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年(两年或三年等) 39. take advice, take the(one's) advice 　take advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again. 40. take air, take the air 　take air传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步 We take the air every day. 41. in a word, in words 　in a word总之，一句话， in words口头上 In a word, you are right. 42. in place of, in the place of 　in place of代替，in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one. 43. in secret, in the secret 　in secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning. 44. a girl, one girl 　a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box? 45. take a chair, take the chair 　take a chair相当于sit down坐下，take the chair开始开会 46. go to sea, by sea, by the sea 　go to sea当海员，出航，by sea乘船，由海路， by the sea在海边 go by sea 47. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher 　the doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师，the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is 48. in office, in the office 　in office在职的，in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office. 49. in bed, on the bed 　in bed卧在床上，on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed. 50. in charge of, in the charge of 　in charge of管理，负责照料， in the charge of由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her. 51. in class, in the class 　in class在课上，in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class. 52. on fire, on the fire 　on fire着火,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire. 53. out of question, out of the question 　out of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的 54. a second, the second 　a second又一，再一，the second第…… He won the second prize. 55. by day, by the day 　by day白天，by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day. 56. the people, a people 　the people指人，a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people. 57. it, one 　it同一物体，one同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one. 58. that, this 　that指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的 I was ill. That's why… 59. none, nothing, no one 　none强调有多少，nothing, no one强调有没有，nothing指物，no one指人 　--- How many…/How much…? --- None. 60. anyone, any one 　anyone指人，不能接of，any one指人物均可，可接of any one of you 61. who, what 　who指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher. 62. what, which 　what的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples? 63. other, another 　other后接名词复数，another后接名词单数 other students, another student 64. not a little, not a bit 　not a little非常，not a bit一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。 65. many, much, a lot of 　many和可数名词连用，much和不可数名词连用，a lot of可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句 I haven't many books. 66. much more…than, many more…than 　much more…than后接形容词或不可数名词，many more…than后接可数名词 many more people, much more water, much more beautiful 67. no, not 　no=not a/any no friend=not a/any friend no water=not any water 68. no more than, not more than 　no more than相当于only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过 69. majority, most 　majority只能修饰可数名词，most可数不可数均可 the majority of people 70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself 　by oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，自动的 The door opened of itself. 71. at all, after all 　at all根本，全然, after all到底，毕竟 After all he is a child. 72. tall, high 　tall常指人或动物，high常指物体 He is tall. 73. fast, quickly 　fast侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点，quickly侧重指某事完成或发生的快 run fast, answer the question quickly 74. high, highly 　high具体的高，highly抽象的高，高度的 think highly of 75. healthy, healthful 　healthy健康的，健壮的，healthful有益于健康的 healthful exercise 76. sleeping, asleep, sleepy 　sleeping正在睡觉，asleep睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy困的，有睡意的 a sleeping baby The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy. 77. gold, golden 　gold指真金制品，golden指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish a gold ring 78. most, mostly 　most用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词，mostly大部分,是副词 most people, the people are mostly… 79. just, very 　just表强调时是副词，作状语，very表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man 80. wide, broad 　wide侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders 81. real, true 　real真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合 real gold, a true story 82. respectful, respectable 　respectful尊敬，有礼貌，respectable可敬的，值得尊敬的 be respectful to the aged 83. outwards, outward 　二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward还可用作形容词 an outward voyage 84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing 　pleasant常用作定语，pleased, pleasing常用作表语，pleased主语常为人，pleasing主语常为物 a pleasant trip The trip is pleasing. 85. understanding, understandable 　understanding明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable 可理解的，能够懂的 an understanding girl, an understandable mistake 86. close, closely 　close接近，靠近，closely紧紧地，紧密地 closely connected, stand close 87. ill, sick 　ill做表语，sick定，表均可 a sick boy 88. good, well 　good形容词，well副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again. 89. quiet, silent, still 　quiet安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent不发出声音，但可以动，still完全不动，完全无声响 He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。 90. hard, hardly 　hard努力，hardly几乎不 work hard I can hardly believe it. 91. able, capable 　able与不定式to do连用，capable与of连用 He is capable of doing… 92. almost, nearly 　二者均为"几乎,差不多" 和否定词连用用almost almost nobody 93. late, lately 　late迟，晚，lately最近，近来 I haven't seen him lately. 94. living, alive, live, lively 　living, alive, live均为活着的，living定表均可，alive定表均可，定语后置，live只能做定语，lively意为活波的 all the living people=all the people alive 95. excited, exciting 　excited使人兴奋的，exciting令人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting. 96. deep, deeply 　deep具体的深，deeply抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep 97. aloud, loud 　aloud出声地，loud大声地 read aloud(出声地读) 98. worth, worthy 　二者均为值得，worth后接doing，worthy后接to be done, of being done 　It is worth visiting. = It's worthy to be visited. = It's worthy of being visited. 99. bad, badly 　bad形容词，badly副词，不好，但与need, want, require连用为"很，非常" go bad I need the book badly. 100. before long, long before 　before long不久以后，long before很久以前 not long before = before long 101. quite, rather 　quite完全地，相当于completely, rather修饰比较级 quite impossible 102. happy, glad 　happy高兴，幸福，定表均可，glad高兴，只能做表语 a happy girl 103. instead, instead of 　instead是副词，放在句首或句末，instead of是介词短语，放在句中He didn't see a film. Instead he watched TV. He watched TV instead of seeing a film. 104. too much, much too 　too much 后接不可数名词，much too后接形容词 much too heavy 105. be about to, be going to, be to do 　be about to表最近的将来，后面不接时间状语，be going to 侧重打算，想法，be to do侧重意志，计划，安排I'm to meet him.(含双方事先约好的意思) 106. raise, rise 　raise及物动词，rise不及物动词 The sun rises in the east. 107. bring, take, carry, fetch 　bring拿来，take带走，carry随身携带，fetch去回这一往返动作 fetch a box of chalk 108. spend, take, pay, cost 　spend人做主语，花钱，花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth; take物做主语，花时间; pay人做主语，花钱，pay for; cost物做主语，花钱 109. join, join in, take part in 　join加入某个组织，并成为其中的一员；join in参加小型的活动, join sb. in；take part in 参加大型的活动 He joined the army five years ago. 110. learn, study 　learn学习，侧重学习的结果，study学习，侧重学习的过程，研究 　study the problem 111. want, hope, wish 　want打算，想要，want to do, want sb. to do, hope希望(通常可以实现)，hope to do/ hope that… wish希望(通常不能实现)wish (sb.) to do, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success. 112. discover, invent, find out 　discover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西，invent发明本来不存在的物体，find out发现，查明 At last he found out the truth. 113. answer, reply 　answer及物动词，reply不及物动词，后接 to reply to the letter 114. leave, leave for 　leave离开，leave for前往 He left Beijing for Shanghai. 115. rob, steal 　rob抢劫 rob sb. of sth.，steal偷 steal sth. from sb. 116. shoot, shoot at 　shoot射死，shoot at瞄准，但不一定射中 He shot the bird and it died. 117. drop, fall 　drop及物不及物均可，fall不及物动词 Prices fell/dropped. He dropped his voice. 118. search, search for 　search后接地点，search for后接东西 He searched his pocket for money. 119. used to, be used to 　used to过去常常，be used to习惯于，后接sth./doing sth.；被用来，后接 do sth. He is used to getting up early. 120. win, lose, beat 　win后接sth.，反义词为lose, beat后接sb. win the game, beat them 121. live on, live by 　live on以…为主食，live by靠…谋生 live on fish/ live by fishing 122. beat, hit, strike 　beat连续性地击打；hit打中，对准打；strike打一下或若干下 beat the wings 123. meet, meet with 　meet遇到，meet with体验到，遭遇到 meet with an accident 124. lose, miss 　lose失去(具体的物体)，错过 sth. is lost, lose the chance；miss 想念，错过sth. is missing, miss the chance 125. be tired of, be tired with/from 　be tired of厌烦…，be tired with/from因为…而累了 be tired with/from running 800 meters 126. care about, care for 　care about关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中；care for关心，照料，喜欢，愿意 He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies. 127. catch a cold, have a cold 　catch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用，而have a cold可以 　She has had a cold for a week. 128. change for, change into 　change for调换成，change into变成 Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice. 129. continue, last 　二者均为持续，continue主动，被动均可，last只能用主动 The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued. 130. feed, raise 　feed喂养，养活，饲养 (to give food to)， raise饲养，养育 (cause to grow, bring up children) raise the family 131. go for a doctor, go to a doctor 　go for a doctor去请医生，go to a doctor去看病 132. notice, observe, catch sight of 　notice注意到，observe观察，仔细地看，catch sight of突然看到 observe the stars 133. insist on, stick to 　insist on坚持要求，后常接doing, stick to坚持, 后常接sth. stick to the plan 134. look, seem, appear 　look指从外表上看，seem指内心的判断，appear指给人以表面的印象 appear wise, look like his father 135. gather, collect 　gather把分散的东西集中到一起， collect指精心地、有选择地进行收集 collect stamps 136. mean to do, mean doing 　mean to do打算，想要做某事，mean doing意思是，意味着 By this I mean giving the students more practice. 137. die from, die of 　die from表示死于(枪)伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of表示死于疾病，饥饿，寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素 die of hunger and cold 138. pay for, pay back, pay off 　pay for为…付钱，pay back还钱，但不一定还清，pay off还清 pay for the book, pay off the debt 139. divide, separate 　divide把一个整体分成几部分，separate把连在一起的个体分开 divide the apple, separate the houses 140. arrive, get, reach 　arrive不及物动词，后接in (大地点)，at(小地点)，get不及物动词后接to，reach及物动词 arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing, reach Beijing 141. grow, plant 　grow使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物 plant the trees, trees are growing 142. manage, try 　manage to do设法做成了某事，try to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功 He tried to pass the exam, but he failed. 143. choose, select 　choose凭个人的判断力进行选择，select有目的地仔细认真地选择 choose the best answer 144. build, put up, set up, found 　build一般用语，建成，put up临时搭建，set up建成(内部的设施基本齐全)，found国家或组织的建成 put up a tent, set up a school 145. be familiar to, be familiar with 　be familiar to某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with某人熟悉某物 The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book. 146. agree with, agree to, agree on 　agree with同意某人，agree to同意某事，agree on在…上达成一致意见，主语是复数 agree with you, agree to the plan 147. throw to, throw at 　throw to扔到…, throw at朝…扔 He throw a stone at me. 148. receive, accept 　receive收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept接受 I received a gift, but I didn't accept it. 149. wear, put on, dress 　wear和dress表状态,wear接衣服等,可用进行时，dress接人,be dressed in, put on表动作 It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes. 150. listen, hear 　listen强调动作，hear强调结果 I listened, but I heard nothing. 151. look, see, watch 　look看的动作，see看的结果，watch强调所看物体的变化、移动和发展watch TV 152. lie, lay 　lie躺，位于(lay, lain),说谎(lied, lied)，lay平放(laid, laid) lay the book 153. work as, act as 　work as工作是…，act as充当某种职务或身份，或扮演某种角色 He works as a teacher. He acts as an interpreter. 154. move, remove 　move动一动，但不一定移走，remove从一处移到另一处 remove the table to the kitchen 155. hurt, injure, wound 　hurt感情上受伤，injure事故中受伤，wound战争中受伤 He was wounded in the war. 156. turn, get, grow 　turn表突变，后常接表颜色的词，get强调变的结果，grow强调过程，逐渐的变化 turn yellow, get tired, grow big 157. close, shut, turn off 　close和shut当关解时可以通用，用于可开合的物体，turn off用于指有开关的物体 Close/Shut the door. Turn off the TV. 158. set out, set about, set off 　指出发，着手解时，set out 后接 to do，set about 后接doing, set off 后接 for sp. 159. begin, start 　begin侧重时间的开始，反义词为end，start侧重由静到动的转折，反义词为stop Class begins at 7:30a.m. 160. happen, take place 　happen偶然性的没有预料到的事情的发生，take place必然性的发生 Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 161. at, in (表地点) 　at小地点，in大地点 arrive at a small village, arrive in Shanghai 162. at work, in work 　at work在工作，在上班，in work 有职业，有工作 Both my parents are at work. They are not at home. 163. increase to, increase by 　increase to增长到…，increase by增长了… The number increased by 2,000 to 5,000. 164. at ease, with ease 　at ease舒适地，安逸地；with ease容易地，无困难地 do it with ease 165. day after day, day by day 　day after day日复一日(无变化)；day by day一天天地(有变化)Trees grow taller day by day. 166. like, as 　like相似关系，但并不等同，as同一关系，两者实为一体 Don't treat me as a child. (In fact, I'm a child.) 167. after, in (表时间) 　after接时间点，in接时间段 after 7:00, in five minutes 168. between, among 　between两者之间，三者或三者以上两两之间, among三者或三者以上之间 　Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy. 169. after, behind (表位置) 　after强调次序的先后，behind强调物体静态位置的前后 There are many trees behind the house. 170. since, for (完成时间状语) 　since接点时间或一句话，for接一段时间 for three years, since 3:00 171. on the corner, in the corner, at the corner 　on the corner物体表面的角上，in the corner物体内部的角落里，at the corner物体外部的角落上(拐角处)on the corner of the table 172. warn sb. of, warn sb. against 　warn sb. of提醒某人注意某事，warn sb. against提醒某人不要做某事 warm him against swimming in that part of the river 173. at peace, in peace 　at peace平静地，in peace和平地 live in peace with one's neighbors 174. on earth, on the earth, in the earth 　on earth在世上，在人间，到底，究竟，一点也不，on the earth在地上，在地球上，in the earth在地下，在泥土里 no use on earth 175. in surprise, to one's surprise, by surprise 　in surprise惊奇地，to one's surprise使某人吃惊的是，by surprise使…惊慌 The question took the professor by surprise. 176. in the air, on the air, in the sky 　in the air正在酝酿中，on the air播送，广播，in the sky在天空中 His show is on the air at 6:00 tonight. 177. in the field, on the field 　in the field在野外，on the field在战场上 He lost his life on the field. 178. in the market, on the market 　in the market表示场所或地点，在市场上，on the market出售 He sells fish in the market. Fresh vegetables are on the market now. 179. in the sun, under the sun 　in the sun在阳光下，under the sun地球上，全世界 people under the sun 180. in a voice, with one voice 　in a voice出声地，with one voice异口同声地 They refused with one voice. 181. through, across 　through穿越空间，across在…上穿过 through the forest, across the desert 182. on the way, in the way 　on the way在前往…的路上，in the way挡路 The chair is in the way. 183. above, on, over 　above在上面，不接触，on在上面，接触，over在正上方 fly over the hill 184. until, not…until 　until到…为止， not…until直到…才(常跟点动词连用)I waited until 3:00. He didn't come until 3:00. 185. besides, except, except for 　besides除了…还(包括在内)except除了(不包括在内)，except for整体…除了某一点以外 The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 186. weather, if 　当是否解时，只有在宾语从句中二者可以互换，其余都用weather，当如果解时用if I don't know if/whether he will come. If he comes, I'll let you know. 187. and, or 　and并且，or或者，否则，常用于否定句中 I don't like apples or bananas. 　Hurry up and you'll catch the bus. Hurry up or you'll miss the bus. 188. because, since, as, for 　原因由强到弱为：because, since/as, for. 在句中的位置如下：1)…because… 2) Since/as…, … 3) …, for… Since I was ill, I didn't go. 189. when, as, while (表时间) 　when从句动词点动词，持续性动词均可，as重在表示动作同时发生，伴随进行，while从句动词为持续性动词 While I slept, a thief broke in. 190. the same…as, the same…that 　the same…as和…一样的(相似但不同一)， the same…that 同一物体 This is the same pen that I used yesterday. (同一支笔) 191. as well, as well as 　as well也，常放于句末，和and连用表示既…又；as well as并列连词，不但…而且… He is a professor, and a writer as well. 192. such…as, such…that 　such…as像…样的，such…that如此…以至于 He is not such a fool as he looks like. He is such a good student that all the teachers like him. 193. because, because of 　because连词，连接两句话，because of介词短语，后接词或短语 He didn't go to school because of his illness. 194. in order that, in order to 　表目的，in order that后接句子，in order to后接动词原形 I got up early in order to catch the first bus. I got up early so that I could catch the first bus. 195. for example, such as 　for example一般只列举一个，such as列举多个例子 I have been to a lot of American cities, such as New York, Atlanta and Chicago. 196. used to, would 　表过去常常，和现在相对应用used to，不提现在用would I used to get up early, but now I don't. 197. All right. That's all right. That's right. 　All right. That's all right. 当好吧解时，可以替换；当不客气，没关系解时只能用That's all right. That's right. 那是对的 ---Sorry. --- That's all right. 198. such…that, so…that 　当如此…以至于解时，such…that修饰名词，so…that修饰形容词或副词，但名词前面如果有many, much, little, few修饰用so…that，不用such that 　so many people that… such a lovely boy=so lovely a boy 199. so + be (have, can, do)+主语， neither(nor) + be (have, can, do)+ 主语 　也一样，肯定用so…否定用neither (nor) ---I can't play tennis. ---Nor can I. 200. Shall I…? Will you…? 　Shall I…? 征求对方意见或向对方请示，意为我能…吗？ Will you…? 请求或建议对方做某事，意为你愿意…吗？Will you help me? Yes, I will.

22．如左图所示，两根足够长的光滑直金属导轨MN、PQ平行放置在倾角为θ的绝缘斜面上，两导轨间距为L。M、P两点间接有阻值为尺的电阻。一根质量为m的均匀直金属杆ab放在两导轨上，并与导轨垂直。整套装置处于磁感应强度为B的匀强磁场中，磁场方向垂直斜面向下。导轨和金属杆的电阻可忽略。用与导轨平行且向上的恒定拉力F作用在金属杆上，金属杆ab沿导轨向上运动，最终将做匀速运动。当改变拉力F的大小时，相对应的匀速运动速度v也会改变，y和F的关系如右图所示。

　(1)金属杆ab在匀速运动之前做作什么运动?

　(2)运动过程中金属杆ab受到的安培力的表达式?

(3)若，取重力加速度，试求磁感应强度B的大小及θ角的正弦值sinθ

21．如图所示，玻璃棱镜ABD可以看成是由ACD、ABC两个直角三棱镜组成，一束频率Hz的单色细光束从AD面入射，在棱镜中的折射光线如图中ab所示，ab与AD面的夹角。已知光在真空中的速度，玻璃的折射率，求：

(1)这束入射光线的入射角多大?(结果可用三角函数表示)

(2)光在棱镜中的波长是多大?

(3)请通过计算说明该束光线第一次入射到AB面上能否发生全反射?

20．如图所示为一列简谐横波在t=0时刻的图象。此时质点P的运动方向沿y轴负方向，且当t=0.55s时质点P恰好第3次到达y轴正方向最大位移处。问：

(1)该简谐横波的波长多大?

(2)该简谐横波的周期多大

(3)该简谐横波的波速v的大小与方向?

19．在“用双缝干涉测量光的波长”的实验中，准备了下列器材：

　 A．白光光源，　 B．双缝片，　 C．单缝片，　 D．滤光片，　 E．毛玻璃屏。

　 实验步骤有：

　 ①取下遮光筒右侧的元件，调节光源高度，使光束能直接沿遮光筒轴线把屏照亮；

　 ②按合理顺序在光具座上放置各光学元件，并使各元件的中心位于遮光筒的轴线上；

　 ③用米尺测量双缝到屏的距离；

　 ④用测量头测量数条亮纹间的距离。

　　 (1)把它们安装在光具座上时，合理的顺序依次是AD_______E；(填字母即可)

　　 (2)在操作步骤②时还应注意：单双缝间距5-10cm，单缝和双缝互相平行；

　　 (3)将测量头的分划板中心刻线与某亮纹中心对齐，将该亮纹定为第1条亮纹，记录读数：然后同方向转动测量头，使分划板中心刻线与第7条亮纹中心对齐，记下此时示数，求得相邻亮纹的间距；

(4)已知双缝间距，测得双缝到屏的距离L=0．600m，求得所测单色光波长为_________mm。

18．如图所示的装置可以测定棱镜的折射率，其中ABC表示待测直角棱镜

　 的横截面，棱镜的两个锐角和都是已知的分别用、表示，紧

　　 贴直角边AC的是一块平面镜，将一束光SO入射到棱镜的AB面上，适

　　 当调整光线SO的入射方向，使从AB面出射的光线与入射光线SO重合，

　　 仅需要测出一个物理量___________就可以算出该棱镜的折射率，则计算

　　 折射率的表达式为___________。

17．(1)某同学在物理实验课上做“探究单摆周期与摆长的关系”的实验中，先用秒表记录了单摆n次全振动所用的时间为t，则周期T=________。该同学又测得摆线长为L，摆球直径为d，通过利用单摆的周期公式可以得到重力加速度的表达式g=_______。

　　 (2)有两个同学利用假期分别去参观北京大学和南京大学的物理实验室，各自在那里利用先进的DIS系统较准确地探究了“单摆的周期T与摆长L的关系”，他们通过校园网交换实验数据，并由计算机绘制了图象，如图甲所示，如果二位同学的实验均正确无误，则可判断出去北大的同学所测实验结果对应的图线是_________(选填“A”或“B”)。另外，在南京大学做探究的同学还利用计算机绘制了两种单摆的振动图象(图乙)，由图可知，两单摆摆长之比______。

16．如图所示，平行金属导轨与水平面间的倾角为，导轨电阻

　 不计，与阻值为R的定值电阻相连，匀强磁场垂直穿过导轨

　 平面向上，磁感强度为B．有一质量为m长为L的导体棒从

　 ab位置以平行斜面的大小为v的初速向上运动，最远到达a’b

　 的位置，滑行的距离为s，导体棒的电阻也为R，与导轨之间

　 的动摩擦因数为．则

A．上滑过程中电流做功产生热量为

B．上滑过程中导体棒受到的最大安培力为

C．上滑过程中安培力、滑动摩擦力和重力对导体棒做的总功为

D．上滑过程中导体棒损失的机械能为

15．在“探究碰撞中的不变量”的实验中， A、B两滑块在同一光滑水平直导轨上相向运动发生碰撞(碰撞时间极短且碰撞过程中动量守恒)，物体A的质量为0.10kg、B物体的质量为0.15kg。某相机经4次摄得的闪光照片如图所示，已知闪光的时间间隔为0.1s，而闪光本身持续时间极短，在这4次闪光的瞬间，A、B两滑块均在0-80cm刻度范围内，且第一次闪光时，滑块A恰好通过x=55.0cm处。下列分析中正确的是

A．碰撞发生在60.0cm处

B．碰撞后A的动量大小为0.20kg·

C．碰撞后A的动量大小为0.05kg·

D．碰撞后B的动量大小为0.25kg·