3、几种时态表示同一意思
例:1)He left china two years ago.
2)It is two years since he left china.
3)He has away from china for 2 years.
2、today等时间状语的运用
运用today,this morning,this afternoon等时间状语时,时态要根据说话的具体情况而定。
例:1)He didn’t do his homework this afternoon.他今天下午没有做功课。
He hasn’t done his homework this afternoon.他今天下午还没有做功课呢。
2)He arrived here a little late today,because he got up late and didn’t catch the bus.
3)He has been very busy today.(截至到说话时,仍是在今天,他们很忙)
1、just now和just的区别 just now用在一般过去时
just用在现在完成时
例:1)We had an English lesson just now.
2) We have just had an English lesson.
4.表示完成,结果的现在完成时
例:1)My father has just gone out.(结果)
2)I have closed the window.(完成)
3)Mr.Li has gone to Australia.(结果)
A→表示完成的用法
I’ve just finished my homework.
They have gone to GuiLin.
B→表示结果的用法
例1、(1)I opened the door.
(2)The door is open now.
(3)I have opened the door.
例2、(1)John bought a dictionary.
(2)Now John has a new dictionary.
(3)John has bought a new dictionary.
▲牢记:表结果的现在完成时常见动词。
make become go come lose grow sell buy fall
C→常见的时间状语(副词)
already just yet→句末
句中
3、表示经验的现在完成时
例:1)肯定句:I have seen the film three times.
2) 否定句:I’ve never seen the film.
3)疑问句:Have you ever been to U.K.?
A→基本用法
表示经验的现在完成时,说明从过去起到现在的经验,即从过去到现在之间曾经经历过或做过的事情。
B→常用的时间状语
Often, ever, before, never, once, twice, times, many times
C→ have/has been的用法
形式 |
意义 |
用法 |
Have/has been to |
表示“曾经去过……” |
经验 |
表示“到 … 去过了…” |
完成 |
|
Have/has been in |
表示“曾在……” |
经验 |
表示“一直在……” |
继续 |
例:a. have been to
I have been to the summer palace twice.(经验)
I have been to the museum to see the exhibition.(完成)
b. have been in
Have you ever been in America?(经验)
We have been in home for the whole day.(继续)
插曲:be 动词的过去分词
Be动词的过去分词不管主语的人称和数都要用been表示
例:We have been tired these days
区别:I am happy.(一般现在时)
I was happy.(一般过去时)
I have been happy.(现在完成时)
2、表示继续的现在完成时
例:1)肯定句:Li Ming’s elder brother has studied in Beijing university for about three years.
2)否定句:We haven’t seen each other all this month.
3)疑问句:How long have you know your boy friend?
A→基本用法
表示继续意义的现在完成时,说明过去的动作一直延续到现在,也就是说从过去某时开始
的动作、状态一直持续到现在。此时,往往用和现在有关的表示一段时间的时间状语。
例:1)I began to study English three years ago.(过去试)
2)I still study English now.(现在式)
3)I have studied English since three years ago.
|
现在时
▲ 牢记:表继续的动词
have known 已经认识了 have studied 已经学习了
have worked ; have been to; have used ;have taught ;have stayed;
have wanted to; have lived
▲ B→常用的时间状语
表示继续的现在完成时,常和下列时间状语连用
for+时间 since+过去某时 all this week
often today recently all day
up to now 直到现在 so far 到目前为止
lately always till/until now
in the past years
these days
this week
during the past (years、month)
1、概述
形式 have/has过去分词 |
用法 |
意义 |
继续 |
表示从过去继续到现在的动作或状态 |
|
经验 |
表示过去某一是可到现在的经验 |
|
完成 |
表示现在刚完成的动作 |
|
成果 |
表示现在是“做了……”的结果 |
例:1)继续 He has been sick since last week.
2) 经验 I have visited Tokyo twice.
Have you ever been to Hawaii?
3) 完成 I have just finished my homework.
Has he finished his work yet?
4) 结果 My father has become a lawyer.
I have lost my dictionary.
下面分别阐述其用法
A→现在完成时的肯定句
句型:主语(I、we、you第三人称复数)+have+过去分词
主语(第三人称单数)+has+过去分词
例:1)I have been busy all the day.
2) My father has read today’s paper.
3) I have just written the letter.
B→现在完成时的否定句
句型:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词
例:1)The concert hasn’t/has not started yet.
2)They haven’t gotten to London yet.
C→现在完成时的一般疑问句
例:1)Has the concert started?
2) Have you friend your homework?
D→现在完成时的特殊疑问句,分两种情况
a. 疑问句词作主语时
句型:疑问句(主语)+have/has+过去分词+……?
例:1)Who has/have bought these apples?
2)Who has made her so sad?
B→疑问词作主语以外的成分时
句型:疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+……?
例:1)How long have you live here?
2)How many times have you been to Spain?
19.(12分)呋喃丙胺是一种高效麻醉剂,在临床上被广泛使用,也可用于治疗心律失常。由呋喃甲醛合成呋喃丙胺的流程如下:
已知:
试回答下列问题:
⑴物质A的结构简式是 _________________________ ;
反应①~⑤中属于取代反应的有 (填序号)。
⑵呋喃甲醛中碳原子的杂化方式为 ,分子中共平面的碳原子最多有 个。
⑶呋喃丙烯酸的同分异构体中属于醛类且含有酚羟基的结构共有 种。
⑷反应③的化学方程式为 。
⑸反应⑤的化学方程式为 。
18.(10分)目前工业上常采用天然气制备乙炔,再由乙炔进一步制备乙酸、维尼纶等化工原料,以下是以天然气为原料的各物质间的转化关系。
已知:R-CN+2H2O+HCl→R-COOH+NH4Cl
请填空:
⑴乙炔的电子式为 。
⑵反应②是原子利用率100%的反应,所需另一反应物的分子式为_____________。
⑶写出反应⑥C2H4O和新制Cu(OH)2反应的化学方程式
。
⑷化合物C属于乙酸酯,且分子中含有碳碳双键,写出反应⑨的化学方程式
。
⑸化合物C某种同分异构体属于酯类且含有五元环,其结构简式是 。
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