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3、几种时态表示同一意思

例:1)He left china two years ago.

   2)It is two years since he left china.

   3)He has away from china for 2 years.

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2、today等时间状语的运用

运用today,this morning,this afternoon等时间状语时,时态要根据说话的具体情况而定。

例:1)He didn’t do his homework this afternoon.他今天下午没有做功课。

    He hasn’t done his homework this afternoon.他今天下午还没有做功课呢。

   2)He arrived here a little late today,because he got up late and didn’t catch the bus.

   3)He has been very busy today.(截至到说话时,仍是在今天,他们很忙)

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1、just now和just的区别    just now用在一般过去时

just用在现在完成时

例:1)We had an English lesson just now.

2) We have just had an English lesson.

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4.表示完成,结果的现在完成时

例:1)My father has just gone out.(结果)

   2)I have closed the window.(完成)

   3)Mr.Li has gone to Australia.(结果)

A→表示完成的用法

I’ve just finished my homework.

They have gone to GuiLin.

B→表示结果的用法

例1、(1)I opened the door.

   (2)The door is open now.

   (3)I have opened the door.

例2、(1)John bought a dictionary.

   (2)Now John has a new dictionary.

   (3)John has bought a new dictionary.

▲牢记:表结果的现在完成时常见动词。

make  become  go  come  lose  grow  sell  buy  fall

C→常见的时间状语(副词)

already  just  yet→句末

    句中

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3、表示经验的现在完成时

例:1)肯定句:I have seen the film three times.

2) 否定句:I’ve never seen the film.

3)疑问句:Have you ever been to U.K.?

A→基本用法

表示经验的现在完成时,说明从过去起到现在的经验,即从过去到现在之间曾经经历过或做过的事情。

B→常用的时间状语

  Often, ever, before, never, once, twice, times, many times

C→ have/has been的用法

形式
意义
用法
Have/has been to
表示“曾经去过……”
经验
表示“到 … 去过了…”
完成
Have/has been in
表示“曾在……”
经验
表示“一直在……”
继续

例:a.  have been to

I have been to the summer palace twice.(经验)

I have been to the museum to see the exhibition.(完成)

   b. have been in

Have you ever been in America?(经验)

We have been in home for the whole day.(继续)

插曲:be 动词的过去分词

Be动词的过去分词不管主语的人称和数都要用been表示

例:We have been tired these days

区别:I am happy.(一般现在时)

    I was happy.(一般过去时)

    I have been happy.(现在完成时)

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2、表示继续的现在完成时

例:1)肯定句:Li Ming’s elder brother has studied in Beijing university for about three years.

   2)否定句:We haven’t seen each other all this month.

   3)疑问句:How long have you know your boy friend?

A→基本用法

表示继续意义的现在完成时,说明过去的动作一直延续到现在,也就是说从过去某时开始

的动作、状态一直持续到现在。此时,往往用和现在有关的表示一段时间的时间状语。

例:1)I began to study English three years ago.(过去试)

  2)I still study English now.(现在式)

  3)I have studied English since three years ago.

过去某时
 
 阿
 
图示:           

                               现在时

▲   牢记:表继续的动词

have known 已经认识了    have studied  已经学习了

have worked ; have been to; have used ;have taught ;have stayed;

have wanted to; have lived

▲   B→常用的时间状语

表示继续的现在完成时,常和下列时间状语连用

for+时间  since+过去某时  all this week 

often   today   recently   all day

up to now  直到现在  so far 到目前为止

lately   always   till/until now 

in the past years

these days

this  week

during the past (years、month)

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1、概述

 
形式    have/has过去分词
用法
意义
继续
表示从过去继续到现在的动作或状态
经验
表示过去某一是可到现在的经验
完成
表示现在刚完成的动作
成果
表示现在是“做了……”的结果

例:1)继续 He has been sick since last week.

2) 经验 I have visited Tokyo twice.

     Have you ever been to Hawaii?

3) 完成 I have just finished my homework.

     Has he finished his work yet?

4) 结果 My father has become a lawyer.

     I have lost my dictionary.

下面分别阐述其用法

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A→现在完成时的肯定句

句型:主语(I、we、you第三人称复数)+have+过去分词

    主语(第三人称单数)+has+过去分词

例:1)I have been busy all the day.

2) My father has read today’s paper.

3)  I have just written the letter.

B→现在完成时的否定句

句型:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词

例:1)The concert hasn’t/has not started yet.

2)They haven’t gotten to London yet.

C→现在完成时的一般疑问句

例:1)Has the concert started?

2) Have you friend your homework?

D→现在完成时的特殊疑问句,分两种情况

a.   疑问句词作主语时

句型:疑问句(主语)+have/has+过去分词+……?

例:1)Who has/have bought these apples?

  2)Who has made her so sad?

B→疑问词作主语以外的成分时

句型:疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+……?

例:1)How long have you live here?

2)How many times have you been to Spain?

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19.(12分)呋喃丙胺是一种高效麻醉剂,在临床上被广泛使用,也可用于治疗心律失常。由呋喃甲醛合成呋喃丙胺的流程如下:

已知:

试回答下列问题:

⑴物质A的结构简式是   _________________________ 

反应①~⑤中属于取代反应的有    (填序号)。

⑵呋喃甲醛中碳原子的杂化方式为    ,分子中共平面的碳原子最多有    个。

⑶呋喃丙烯酸的同分异构体中属于醛类且含有酚羟基的结构共有      种。

⑷反应③的化学方程式为                      

⑸反应⑤的化学方程式为                       

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18.(10分)目前工业上常采用天然气制备乙炔,再由乙炔进一步制备乙酸、维尼纶等化工原料,以下是以天然气为原料的各物质间的转化关系。

已知:R-CN+2H2O+HCl→R-COOH+NH4Cl

请填空:

⑴乙炔的电子式为          

⑵反应②是原子利用率100%的反应,所需另一反应物的分子式为_____________。

⑶写出反应⑥C2H4O和新制Cu(OH)2反应的化学方程式

                                      

⑷化合物C属于乙酸酯,且分子中含有碳碳双键,写出反应⑨的化学方程式

                                    

⑸化合物C某种同分异构体属于酯类且含有五元环,其结构简式是       

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