1. (1)John said,”I like reading novels.”

　 (2)John said that he liked reading novels.

　 直接引语:直接引述别人的话.

　 间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话.

　 它构成宾语从句.

3．时态一致性，即若主句时态是现在时态(包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时)，宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定；若主句是过去时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时)，宾语从句的时态也用过去时态，如：

　We know he is a teacher at a school.

　We know he lost his son last year.

　We know he will come here soon.

He said that he was ill.

第15讲 直接引语和间接引语

Direct and Indirect Speech

2．宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序，即宾语从句的主语前不可有be动词、情态动　 词或助动词do, does, did, have, has, had等。

1．宾语从句的引导词

　(1)由陈述句变成的宾语从句，用that引导，语序不变。that在句中无实际意义，可以省略。如：

　 　　 　He is a teacher. →He said (that) he was a teacher.

　　　 　 I have already seen the film. →He said that he (had) already seen the film.

　(2)由一般疑问句变成的宾语从句，用if或whether引导，表示“是否”，原来一般疑问句的语序要变为陈述句语序。如：

　 　 Does the boy like English? →The teacher asked me if the boy liked English.

　　　 Are they students?→I don't know if they are students.

注意：当宾语从句中出现“or not”或“or + 供具体选择的内容”时，就只能用whether来引导。例如：

　 I don’t know whether he will come back soon or not.

　(3)由特殊疑问句变成宾语从句时，疑问代词或疑问副词作宾语从句的引导词，并在宾语从句中充当成分，表示对不清楚的人、事物、时间、地点、方式等的询问。原来特殊疑问句的疑问语序要变为陈述语序。如：

　　　 Who is that boy? → Miss Li wants to know who that boy is.

　　　 What does the girl want to buy? → He asked what the girl wanted to buy.

　　　 Where have they gone? → I didn’t know where they had gone.

　　　 When did you leave? → He asked when I left.

8. It is (high) time that　

It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

9 need "不必做"和"本不该做"　

didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。

needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)

典型例题 There was plenty of time. She ___. A.mustn‘t have hurried B.couldn’t have hurried C. must not hurry D.needn't have hurried

答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而实际上不必要。

mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)

　　　　　　　　　　　 第14讲宾语从句

宾语从句的三要素：引导词、陈述句语序、时态一致

2、　 语法性的倒装

A→各种疑问句的倒装

例：1)Are you against the plan?

2)What do you like best?

●注意：但如果主语是由一个疑问词表示的或修饰的，语序不变。

例：1)Who did it? (疑问词who是主语，语序不变仍为主语who+谓语did)

2)How many students in your school joined the army ?

(分析：主语students由how many修饰，语序不变。)

B→there be句型中的倒装

　 在此句型中，主语总是在谓语之后，无论是在陈述句中还是疑问句中。

例：1)There were no school or hospitals there before.

2)Is there any ink in the bottle?

C→直接引语中的倒装

a.　　 直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，它的主语(说话人)和谓语(引述动词)常要倒装。

b.　　 但当主语是代词或谓语动词含有助动词时，一般不倒装。

c.　　 另外，如果谓语比主语长，或是它后面有宾语时，一般也不倒装。

例：1)“Will you please carry it for you”? said the old man

2)“Please do me a favour”, he said.

3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him.” said Tom.

　　 4)“I am hungry”，she had said.

D→省略if的虚拟语气条件句中的倒装

　 If引导的虚拟语气，条件句中如含有助动词were, should和had时，可以使用倒装。

句型：were/should/had+主语+……

　　　 =if+主语+were/should/had……

当if省略时，助动词were, should和had要倒装到主语前去；而if不省略时，主语和助动词用正常语序。

例：1)Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.

=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.

2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

3)Had you my troubles, you would despair.

=If you had my troubles, you would despair.

E→so，nor，neither用于句首时的倒装

当so，nor，neither用于句首,说明前面一句话中谓语表示的情况也适用于另外一个人或物时，句子要用倒装。

例：1) A: I have had my breakfast.

　　　 B: So have I.

2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages.

　 B: So can I.

3)A: Will you go home this weekend?

　 B: After that we never saw her again.

4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.

F→as 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装

+as+主语+系动词be,主语+动词

副词/实义动词 +as+主语+动词，主语+动词

分别叙述如下：

句型一：形容词+as+主语+系动词be

例：1)Young as he is，he knows a lot of things.

　　 =Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things.

　　 =He is young but he knows a lot of things.

句型二：名词(不带冠词)+as+主语+系动词be

例：1)King as he is，he is unhappy.

　　　 =Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy.

　　　 =He is a king, but he is unhappy.

2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.

　=Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.

句型三：副词+as+主语+动词

1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.

=Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it.

=I like it much, but I won’t buy it.

2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him.

句型四：实义动词+as+主语+助动词

1)Try as she does, she will never find it.

=She tries but she will never find it.

2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy.

▲3．修辞性的倒装(常考内容)

　 除了语法性倒装之外，有些倒装是由于修辞的原因而采用的，叫做修辞性倒装。

A→否定词放在句首时的倒装

句型：否定词+助动词/be动词+主语

▲常见放在句首的否定词

By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration,

under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示决不

barely 简直没有　　 hardly 几乎不　 scarcely 几乎不　

never　 从不　　　　 rarely 很少　　 little　 几乎没有;一点也不

seldom 很少　　　　 only　 只有　　　 not　 不，没有

not…until…　 直到…才…　　 nowhere　 没有地方，无处

not a bit 一点也不　　　　　 not only…but also…　 不但…而且…

例：1)Barely does he have enough money to live on.

　　 =He barely has enough money to live on.

2) By no means is translation easy.

=Translation is by no means easy.

3)Little did I think that I would lose the game.

=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.

(注：这里not at all=little 译为：一点也不)

在上面表格所列到的否定词中，有几个词是强调两个动作的紧密相接，说明如下：

a.　　 hardly…when…　 一…就…

例：Hardly did he see me when he ran away.

　 =As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

b.　　 scarcely…when… 一…就…

例：Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.

c.　　 no sooner…than… 一…就…

例：No sooner had they reached home than it rained.

　 =It rained as soon as they reached home.

d. not only…but also…　 不但…而且…

例：1)No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.

　 =I not only made a promise, but (also)I kept it.

　 2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.

B→副词(短语)放在句首时的倒装

以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副词(短语)为首的句子中，要倒装以表示特别强调的语气。例:

1)Then came the time we had been looking for ward to.

=The time we had been looking forward to came then.

2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.

=Summer begins in June, July and August came then.

3) Out rushed the boy.

4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties.

5) 比较： He was very angry. He didn’t say a word.

　　　　　 He was very angry. Not a word did he say.

6)比较： I shall never be late for school.

　　　　　 Never again shall I be late for school.

C→only+副词在句首时的倒装

Only+副词/副词短语/状语从句+助动词/be+主语

例：1)Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.

I realized I made such a big mistake only then.

2) Only in this way can you worked it out.

3) Only when one loses health does one know its value.

4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.

=When he got home he knew what happened to his father.

D→频度副词在句首时的倒装

频度副词always, often, once出现在句首时，句子要倒装。

例：1)Often did we warn them not to do so.

2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.

=We will always remember the importance of the meeting.

第13讲 虚拟语气

The Subjunctive Mood

虚拟语气　

1) 概念 　 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。

2) 在条件句中的应用 　 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

1 真实条件句　

　真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。

　时态关系 句型： 条件从句　　　　　　　 　　主句 　 一般现在时　 　　　　　shall/will + 动词原形 　例：If he comes, he will bring his violin.

例题：The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. 　 A.will rain　　 B. rains　　　　 C. rained　　　　 D. is rained

答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意： 1)在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will. 　 (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. 　 (对) If you leave now, you will never regret it. 2)表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

2 非真实条件句　

时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。

a.　 同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 ： 　条件从句　　　　　　　　　　　　　 主句 　　一般过去时　　 　　　　　　　　should( would) +动词原形

If they were here, they would help you.

b.　 表示与过去事实相反的假设。 句型： 　条件从句　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　主句　　　 　　 过去完成时　　 　　　　　　　should(would) have+ 过去分词

例1：If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　

例2：The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　 例3：If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.

例4：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.　

含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

例5：If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.

含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.　

c.　 表示对将来的假想 　句型：　 条件从句 　　　　　　　　　　　　　主句

一般过去时

should+ 动词原形

were+ 不定式

　would + 动词原形

should+ 动词原形

例1：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 例2：If you should succeed, everything would be all right. 例3：If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

3 混合条件句　

　 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.

(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。)

If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).

4 虚拟条件句的倒装　

　虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

=If it should rain,the crops would be saved.

=If it were to rain,the crops would be saved.

注意： 　 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him. 　 如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 　 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题 　_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词

主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.

5 特殊的虚拟语气词：should　

1)It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。

句型： 　　(1)suggested It is　 (2)important　　that… + (should) do 　　(3) a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do

(2)important, necessary, natural, strange a pity,a shame,no wonder.

例1：It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 例2：It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

2)在宾语从句中的应用 　在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。

order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do

I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.

注意： 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

判断改错: 　　　　　 误：Your pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. 　 　　　 正：Your pale face suggests that you are ill. 　　　　　 误：I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. 　 　　　 正：I insisted that you were wrong.

3)在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用 　在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。

My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

6 wish的用法　

1)用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为： 　　　　　　　 真实状况　wish后　　 从句动作先于主句动词动作　现在时　过去时 (be的过去式为 were)　　　　　　　 从句动作与主句动作同时发生　过去时　过去完成时 (had + 过去分词)　　　　　　　　 将来不大可能实现的愿望　　将来时　would/could + 　　　　　　　　　　动词原形　

I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。

He wished he hadn‘t said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。

I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2)wish to do表达法。 　 wish sb / sth to do

I wish to see the manager.

= I want to see the manager.

I wish the manager to be informed at once.

= I want the manager to be informed at once.

7 比较if only与only if重点

only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.

只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung.　

当时闹钟响了，就好了。

If only he comes early.　　　　

但愿他早点回来.

Summary:主语和谓语的顺序分为两种：

自然语序：主语+谓语

倒装语序：谓语+主语

1、　 部分倒装和全部倒装

我们通常使用的语序是自然语序，即主语在前，谓语在后，但有时谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，即采用倒装语序。倒装的原因，或是语法结构的需要，或是为了强调。

A→部分倒装

　 部分倒装是谓语中的一部分(如：助动词、情态动词或系动词be)放在主语前面，其余部分仍放在主语后面。

例：ⅰ)Only in this way can we work at the physics problem.(情态动词)

ⅱ)Never had he had any experience like that.(助动词)

ⅲ)Not only is he a singer,but also he is a dancer.(系动词)

B→全部倒装

　 全部倒装是句子中没有助动词，情态动词或系动词be时，要把谓语动词放在主语的前面。

例：Here comes the bus.

Up went the arrow in to the sky.

The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.

●　　 例外：这时如果主语是人称代词，则主谓不倒装。

例：Here he comes.

Here you are. 给你

Here we are.　 我们到了

▲　　 重点：在英语中，从形式上可分为部分倒装和全部倒装，我们为了使于理解，还可以把它分为语法性倒装。这是由于语法上的需要而必须倒装的句子，还有一种是修饰性倒装，顾名思义，这些句子如果不是特意加以强调，可以不必倒装。

2、　 状语的语序

在句子中如果同时有时间状语和地点状语时，先地点后时间：地点状语→时间状语，这和汉语中状语的语序不同，汉语是先时间后地点。

例：Ⅰ)My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.

Ⅱ)At the airport last night two events take place.

Ⅲ)I stayed there for 3 weeks last year.

在英语中，一般常见的语序为“主语+谓语+宾语”，此语序与汉语基本相同，但定语在句子的位置，中文和英文略有差异，下面举例说明：

1、　 定语的语序

(1)当定语是单词或动词–ing 形式时，在英语中多将定语放在被修饰的前面，与汉语相同。　　

例：He is a naughty boy. (形容词)

(2)当定语是短语或定语从句时，其中短语包括：介词短语，分词短语，不定式短语，放在修饰词的后面。

例： I)She had a basket (full of apples)　 (短语)

II) The boy (who is sleeping) is my little brother. (定语从句)

III)The students(in the room)are from Asia.(介词短语)

(3)当定语是副词或某些过去分词时,放在所修饰词后面。

例：I) The women (here) are for you.(副词)

II) I like the books (written) by him.(过去分词)

其前置和特征与现在分词相同。过去分词作定语所修饰的名词有被动关系或系表关系。 　He is a man loved by all. 　I hate to read letters written in pencil.

③过去分词作状语与现在分词作状语一样，可以表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。

过去分词作状语必须注意它表示的动作是该句主语发不出来的或表示主语的状态，

但其逻辑上的主语应是主句的主语。 　When (water is ) heated, water changes into steam.

④过去分词作宾补，多表示宾语的状态或被动意义。动作是宾语发不来的。

多用于使役动词、感官动词和like, want, wish, order等表示“希望”“要求”等意义的动词后面。

特别注意“have+宾语+过去分词”这一结构的用法。 　I have to have my hair cut.

　　 You should make yourself understood by all.

独立主格结构：在用分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语一般必须与句子主语一致。

如不一致，分词须带上自己的逻辑主语。常表伴随的动作或情况。

e.g. a. He rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat.

　 b. Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.

　 c. So many teachers being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.

　 d. His work finished, he prepared to return to his home.

e. There are 180 competitors to take part in

this game, the youngest being a boy of 10.

第十二讲 语序、倒装句讲稿