2．　 在定语从句中的省略

1)　 关联词在定语从句中担任宾语时可以省略。

例：This is the book (which/that) I want to buy.

The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa.

The music (that/which) you are listening to is very beautiful.

2)　 关系副词that在定语从句中常代替when，而且可以省略。

例：1989 was the year (when/that0 he was born.

3)　 关联词在从句中作表语时可以省略。

例：She is no longer the girl (that/who) she used to be.

1．　 在宾语中从句中的省略

例：The letter says (that) they are ready for it.

We hope (that) we can win.

例：Why not watch TV?

=Why don’t we watch TV?

2．在词组be able to，used to，be going to和情态动词ought to，have to，need等词后。

例：He never goes there by bus now but he used to (go there by bus).

I’ve not been to America but I am going to (be there ).

1．为了避免重复，再次出现时，在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate后，往往只保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。

例：A:Would you like to join us in the game?

B:I’d like/love to.

A:Did you go to Shanghai last month?

B:No,I planned to (go to Shanghai last month).

例：A:Would you like to do it with me?

B:Sure/Certainly/Of course.(I’d like to)

例：(Is there)Anything I can do for you?

His room is big and mine (is) small.省略系动词

A:Do you ofen go to see films?

B:No,I don’t (go to see films).

B:Never.省略了主语和谓语

例：(I am)Glad to see you .

(I’ll) See you later.

(I) Thank you for coming here.

(Do you) Want some more ?

(It) Sounds like a good idea.

(It) Doesn’t matter.

3.祈使句

将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell,ask,order等动词，句型是：tell/ask /order someone (not) to do something.)

如果祈使句为否定式，不定式前加not.

(1)”Make sure the door is shut ,” she said to her little son.

She told her little son to make sure the door was shut.

(2)”Don’t smoke in the room,” he said to me.

　He told me not to smoke in the room。

第16讲省略句

为了避免重复或是由于习惯省略句子中的一个或几个句子成分，我们称着总语法现象为省略。省略在英语语法中很常见，尤其是在口语中。

2.陈述句(statements):

　 (1)He said,”I like it very much.”

(2)Tom said to me,”I broke your CD player.”

直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导(that在口语中可省略),从　　 句中的人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语等要做相应变化.

1)人称的变化:

(1)He said,”I like it very much.”

　 He said that he liked it very much.

(2)Tom said to me,”I broke your CD player.”

Tom told me that he had broken my CD player.

2)时态的变化:

主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的谓语动词在时态上要做相应的变化.如主句的谓语动词是现在时,从句的时态无须变化.

(1)一般现在时一般过去时:

He said,”I am afraid I cannot finish the work.”

He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish

　the work.

(2)现在进行时过去进行时

He said,” I’m using the knife.”

He said that he was using the knife

(3)现在完成时过去完成时

She said,”I’ve not heard from him since May.”

She said that she had not heard from him since May.

(4)一般过去时过去完成时

He said ,”I came to help you.”

He said that he had come to help me.

(5)过去完成时不变

He said,”I had finished my homework before supper.”

He said that he had finished his homework before supper.

(6)一般将来时过去将来时

She said,” I’ll do it after class.”

She said that she woukd do it after class

3)指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词的变化.

(1) She said, “ I’ll finish the work this morning.”

She said that she would finish the work that morning.

(2)He said, “These books are mine.”

He said that those books were his.

(3)He said, “It’s nine now.”

He said that it was nine then

(4)He said,’I haven’t seen her today.”

He said that he hadn’t seen her that day

(5)She said,”I went there yesterday.”

She said that she had gone there the day before.

(6)She said,” I ‘ll go there tomorrow.”

She said that she would go there the next/following day.

将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面时)，句末用句号，主语的人称，时态和状语要相应变化。

(7)She said,’He left 30 minutes ago.”

She said that he had left 30 minutes before.

(8)He said,” My sister was here one week ago.”

He said that his sister had been there one week before.

(9)She said .” I’ll come here this evening.”

She said that she would go there that evening.

He said,”Light travels much faster than sound.”

He said that light travels much faster than sound.

注：直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。

注: 如果在当地转述，here不必改成there,动词come也不必改成go

2)疑问句(questions)

(1)一般疑问句：直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，用连词whether 或if 引导。主句谓语动词是said 时,要改为asked.没有间接宾语的,可加一个间接宾语(me,him,us等)。

(1)He said,”Are you interested in English?”

He asked (me)if I was interested in English.

(2)He said,” Did you see him last night?”

He asked (me) whether I had seen him the night before.

2)特殊疑问句：

“What can I do for you?”he asked me.