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(三)试验做完后,让学生比较他们的试验结果是否相同,并请组长统计本组的结果

教师问:试验结果与其他同学比较,你的结果和他们相同吗?为什么?

因为“抛掷一枚硬币,正面向上”这个事件是一个随机事件,在每一次试验中,它的结果是随机的,所以10次的试验结果也是随机的,可能会不同.

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(二)试验要求及规则

每人做 10次抛掷硬币试验,记录正面向上的次数,并计算正面向上的频率,将试验结果填入表中:

姓 名
抛掷次数()
正面向上次数()
频率()
 
10
 
 

抛硬币的规则:

(1)硬币统一(1角硬币);(2)垂直下抛;(3)离桌面高度大约为一尺.

(这样的话,我们基本上在相同的条件下做试验)

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(一)先将学生进行分组,指定组长.

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1.新课导入

   在现实生活中,我们常听到“概率”这个词. 比如说:买彩票时,总关心中奖的概率有多大;正规的足球比赛,为了体现比赛的公平性,比赛前,主裁判往往以抛硬币的方式,根据是正面还是反面来确定比赛场地,这些都和概率有关. 那么什么是概率呢?怎么获得概率的大小呢?知道概率的大小又有何意义呢?

今天我们就开始学习概率的有关知识:第十一章  概率.

我们先来学习第一节:随机事件的概率(1)(板书课题).

2.事件的分类

首先,请同学们看这样一些事件,分析它们的发生与否,各有什么特点?

(1)“导体通电时,发热”;

(2)“抛一石块,下落”;

(3)“在标准大气压下且温度低于0℃时,冰融化”;

(4)“在常温下,焊锡熔化”;

(5)“某人射击一次,中靶”;

(6)“掷一枚硬币,出现正面”.

通过学生讨论,指出事件(1)、(2)是必然要发生的,(3)、(4)是不可能发生的,而(5)、(6)是可能发生、也可能不发生的.

进而引出三类事件的概念:

在一定的条件下必然要发生的事件,叫做必然事件;

在一定的条件下不可能发生的事件,叫做不可能事件;

在一定的条件下可能发生,也可能不发生的事件,叫做随机事件.

向学生指出:

(1)它们是按照事件的发生与否这个标准,来进行分类的;

(2)这三类事件是相对于一定条件来说的,条件改变了,事件的性质有时也会改变. 例如:事件(3)是不可能事件,若将其改为“在标准大气压下且温度高于0℃时,冰融化”,这就是一个必然事件.

例1.指出下列事件是必然事件,不可能事件,还是随机事件:

(1)“某电话机在一分钟之内,收到三次呼叫”;

(2)“当是实数时,”;

(3)“没有水分,种子发芽”;

(4)“打开电视机,正在播放新闻”.

答案:(1)随机事件;(2)必然事件;(3)不可能事件;(4)随机事件.

根据三类事件的概念,让学生举出现实生活中有关这三类事件的一些例子.

3.试验、观察和归纳

在三类事件中,必然事件和不可能事件,它的发生与否是很容易确定的,事先就知道它发生或者不发生;而随机事件的发生具有不确定性,可能发生,也可能不发生. 那么,它发生的可能性有多大呢?对于随机事件,知道它发生的可能性大小是非常重要的,能为我们的决策提供关键性的依据. 那么,如何才能获得随机事件发生的可能性大小呢?最直接的方法就是试验(观察).

一次试验,就是将事件的条件实现一次.例如:“抛掷一枚硬币,正面向上”这个事件来说,做一次试验,就是将硬币抛掷一次.

随机事件在一次试验中是否发生是不能事先确定的,那么在大量重复试验的情况下,它的发生是否会有规律性呢?

下面我们通过做一个抛掷硬币的试验,来了解“抛掷一枚硬币,正面向上”这个随机事件发生的可能性大小.

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方法:试验、观察、探究、归纳和总结;

手段:采用实物试验,多媒体计算机辅助教学.

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重点:理解频率的稳定性及概率的统计定义;

难点:频率与概率的区别和联系.

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3.情感态度价值观

(1)在探究过程中,鼓励学生大胆尝试,培养学生勇于创新、敢于实践等良好的个性品质;

(2)通过对概率的学习,渗透偶然寓于必然、事物之间既对立又统一的辩证唯物主义

思想;增强学生的科学素养.

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2.过程与方法

发现法教学,通过学生在抛硬币的试验中获取数据,归纳总结试验结果,发现规律,真正做到在探索中学习,在探索中提高. 理解在大量重复试验的情况下,随机事件的发生呈现规律性,进而理解概率和频率的关系. 从而培养学生从试验中归纳出一般规律的能力以及学生动手能力与解决实际问题的能力.

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1.知识与技能

(1)了解必然事件、不可能事件、随机事件的概念;

(2)理解频率的稳定性及概率的统计定义.

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1._____Sunday, the students are at home. A.Being  B.To be  C.It is  D.It being 2.The boy lay on his back, his teeth __and his glaring eyes ___. A.set;looked  B.set;looking  C.setting;looked D.setting;looking 3.All the thing____,sidered sidering  C.to consider sider 4.____who she was, she said she was Mr.Johnson’s friend. A.Asking  B.Asked  C.To be asked  D.When asking 5.He hurried to the station,___the 9:30 train had already left. A.to find  B.found  C.only to find  D.only finding 6.Which do you enjoy ___your weekends, fishing or watching TV? A.spending  B.to spend  C.being spent  D.spend 7.___all my letters, I had a drink and went out. A.Finished  B.Having finished  C.Finishing  D.To finish 8.She had no money ___a birthday present for her children. A.to buy with  B.buying  C.bought  D.with which to buy 9.From the dates___on the gold coin, it is conformed that it was made five hundred years ago. A.marking  B.marked  C.to be marked  D.having been marked 10.____time and labour, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb. A.To save  B.Saved  C.Saving  D.Having saved 11.O’Neal works hard.He is often seen ___heavily before his teammates start. A.sweated  B.to be sweated  C.sweating  D.being sweated 12.I can hardly imagine Peter___across the Atlantic Ocean in 15 days. A.sail  B.to sail  C.sailing  D.to have sailed 13.Such___the case, I couldn’t help but _____ him. A.being;support  B.is;to support  C.has been;supporting  D.be;supported 14.Does the way you thought of___the water clean make any sense? A.making  B.to make  C.how to make  D.having made 15.In order not to be disturbed, I spent three hours__in my study. A.locking  B.locked  C.to lock  D.being locked 16.You will find the word “psychology” ____under “P” in your dictionary. A.have listed  B.list  C.listed  D.listing 17.Sandy could do nothing but ___to his mother that he was wrong. A.admitting  B.admits  C.admit  D.to admit 18.When I caught him cheating me, I stopped __things in his shop. A.buying  B.buy  C.to buy  D.bought 19.A doctor can expect___at any hour of the day or night. A.calling  B.to call  C.being called  D.to be called 20.Nearly every great building in Beijing was built___ south. A.to face  B.facing  C.to have faced  D.being facing 21.With his son___, the old man felt unhappy. A.to be disappointed  B.disappointing  C.being disappointed  D.to disappoint 22.It was____computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons. A.to have played  B.playing  C.played  D.having played 23.And there, almost___in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet. A.having lost  B.losing  C.to be lost  D.lost 24.As I will be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate___from you now and then__me how everyone is getting along. A.hearing; tell    B.to hear; tell C.hearing; telling  D.to hear; to tell 25.The students are forbidden, unless they have special passes, __ after 11 pm. A.to stay out  B.from staying out C.staying out  D.not to stay out 26.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time__ the last bus. A.catching  B.to catch  C.having caught  D.to have caught 27.__to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. A.Exposed  B.Having exposed  C.Being exposed  D.After being exposed 28.Mike didn’t start____the importance of a foreign language till he graduated from school. A.knowing  B.to know  C.know  D.to have known 29.-- Why was a special meeting called?   -- ___a new chairman. A.To elect   B.Electing   C.Our electing   D.Elected 30.-- Why did Bob weep?   -- He couldn’t bear___like that before the whole class. A.making fun of    B.being made fun of  C.to be laughed at  D.being made fun 31.The students expected there__more reviewing classes before the final exams. A.is   B.to be   C.being  D.have been 32.I don’t mind___by bus, but I hate__in queues. A.traveling;stand      B.to travel;to stand C.traveling;to stand     D.traveling;to standing 33.We are looking forward to___the film____at the Grand Cinema. A.seeing;to show  B.see; shown  C.seeing;shown   D.see;to show 34.At the shopping-centre,he didn’t know what__and__with an empty bag. A.to buy;leave  B.to be bought;left C.to buy;left   D.was to buy;leave 35.The policeman put down the phone, ___with a smile on his face. A.satisfied  B.satisfying  C.to be satisfied  D.having satisfied 36.___, your composition is full of mistakes. A.Writing carelessly      B.Written carelessly C.Having written carelessly  D.Being written carelessly 37.She made a candle___us light. A.give   B.gave   C.to give   D.given 38.-- What do you suppose made her worried?   -- ___a gold ring. A.Lose  B.Lost  C.Losing  D.Because of losing 39.I know it’s not important, but I can’t help __about it. A.to think  B.and think  C.thinking  D.being thought 40.__several times, the young scientist still kept on making his experiments. A.Having been failed   B.Having failed C.Though failed     D.Because of failure 41.___all over the hill and around the lake are wild flowers of different kinds. A.To grow  B.Growing  C.Grown  D.Grow 42.--Who are you going to have__this letter for you?   -- My secretary. A.type  B.typed   C.been typed  D.been typing 43.The food___at the moment is for the dinner party. A.cooked  B.to be cooked  C.is being cooked  D.being cooked 44.A kind old gentleman offered___my bags to the taxi stand. A.his help carried   B.carrying C.me to carry     D.to help me to carry 45.You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had___her children. A.brought up  B.to bring up  C.bringing up  D.to have brought up 46.He was___today, but was asked to stay for___week. A.to have returned;another   B.returning;one more C.returned;another       D.to return;other 47.-- Where should I send my form?   -- The Personnel office is the place___. A.for sending it   B.to send it to  C.to send   D.to send it 48.I could feel the wind__on my face from an open window. A.to blow   B.blowing   C.to be blowing   D.blown 49.-- Lucy, why didn’t you come last Sunday?   -- I___, but my father was in hospital. A.would   B.had   C.was going to   D.did 50.--What terrible weather! I simply can’t get the car___.   -- Why not try____the engine with some hot water? A.starting;filling   B.start;filling C.started;to fill   D.to start;fill 答案及简析 1.D。本题考查独立主格结构,因为前后主语不一致,所以前面分词的逻辑主语不可以省略。It being Sunday相当于As it is Sunday。 2.B。独立主格结构在句中作伴随状语, teeth 与set两个词之间含有逻辑上的被动关系,所以用过去分词;look这一动作是eyes所发出,所以用looking。 3.A。独立主格结构在句中作状语,因为things与consider之间含有被动关系,所以用过去分词。 4.B。分词短语作状语,因为ask与句子的主语(she)之间有被动关系,所以用过去分词。5.C。本题考查“(only)+不定式”与“-ing形式”作结果状语的区别。“only+不定式”表示该结果在主语的预料之外;接“-ing”形式表示由主句所产生的逻辑上的结果。 6.B。本题考查不定式作目的状语,本题极易误选A。其实 enjoy的宾语为fishing or watching TV。 7.B。因finish这一动作发生在I had a drink and went out之前,所以必须用现在分词的完成式。 8.D。介词+关系代词+不定式的结构可以在句中用作定语,其作用相当于一个定语从句。9.B。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。不定式作定语时,表示将来的动作;现在分词作定语,表示主动、进行;过去分词作定语,表示被动、完成。因为dates是被标在gold coin上,所以用过去分词表示被动。 10.A。不定式作目的状语。 11.C。分词在句中作主语补足语。因sweat这一动作是he所发出,所以为主动。 12.C。Peter为逻辑主语,与sailing构成复合结构,作imagine的宾语。 13.A。can’t help but为固定短语, but后面接不带to的不定式;Such being the case为独立主格结构,the case为逻辑主语。 14.B。 15.B。lock与其逻辑主语应含有动宾关系,即 “被锁在书房里”。 16.C。单词psychology被列在 “P”之下,有被动关系。 17.C。but表示 “除了”,为介词,当其前面有动词do的各种形式时,but后接不带to的不定式。18.A。当stop后面接不定式时,表示“停下来去做某事”;如果接-ing形式,则表示“停止正在做的事”。 19.D。expect后面接不定式。由题意可知,doctor与call之间是被动关系。 20.B。现在分词在句中表示状态。 21.B。with复合结构在句中作状语,表示原因,意为“由于儿子很是令人失望。” 22.B。本题为强调句型,被强调的部分是句子的主语,所以采用-ing形式。 23.D。be lost in是固定短语,意为“陷入……之中”。变为分词短语作状语时,仍用过去分词lost。 24.C。appreciate后直接接-ing形式作宾语。 25.A。本题考查forbid 的用法。当forbid用作被动形式时,构成be forbidden to do结构。 26.B。 27.C。由题意“暴露在阳光下太久,会伤害人的皮肤”可知应采用-ing形式的被动式作主语。 28.B。start后可以接-ing形式或to do,但如果start后面的动词表示心理活动的词时,必须用不定式。 29.A。回答why引导的问句,一般用不定式;回答what问句,一般用-ing形式。 30.B。bear意为“容忍”, 后面接-ing形式;make fun of与其逻辑主语有被动关系,所以用being done形式。 31.B。expected there to be的形式相当于expected there would be...。 32.C。mind意为“介意”, 后面接-ing形式; hate后可以接-ing形式或to do两种形式。 33.C。look forward to(to为介词)后面接-ing形式;film与show之间含有被动关系,所以用过去分词作定语。 34.C。“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构在句中作宾语;left与didn’t know并列。 35.A。be satisfied with“对……满意”,即satisfy与with紧紧相连时,必须用其过去分词。 36.B。write所表示的动作与其逻辑主语有被动关系。Being written为现在分词进行时的被动,表示该动作正在进行,与题意不符,所以选B。 37.C。不定式作目的状语, 意为“她制了一些蜡烛用来照明”。 38.C。参见注29。 39.C。can’t help表示“忍不住”后面接-ing形式;表示“不能帮助”时,后面接不定式。40.B。fail这一动作发生在主句谓语动词之前,所以用现在分词的完成时,并且为主动概念。 41.B。all over the hill and around the lake为地点状语提前。wild flowers是长在“山上及湖的周围”的。 42.A。who为have的宾语。 43.D。根据句子意思可知该动作正在进行,所以用being done形式。 44.D。本题考查offer与help的用法, 即offer to do sth.与help sb.(to) do sth。 45.C。本题考查have difficulty(in) doing sth.这一结构。本句中 the woman had为定语从句,修饰difficulty。 46.A。be to+have done结构,表示本应该做某事,但事实上却没有做。 47.B。本题考查不定式作定语的用法。根据send的用法,send sth.to some place,故选择答案B。 48.B。blow这一动作是wind发出的,所以为主动,因此选择blowing。 49.C。该题考查了动词不定式的省略现象。由题意可知是表示过去的一种打算或计划,在“was going to”后省略了前面的内容或动作,故应选C。 50.A。get the car starting意为“使汽车发动起来”;try doing 意为“试着做某事”。

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