2.佳句
(1)Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.
(2)Villagers are as a rule healthier than people who live in towns. One reason for this is that country air is fresher than the air in smoky cities.
(3)Most of the noise in the city comes from traffic, factories and construction sites.
(4)There is an increasingly loud voice from the public calling for firm action against pollution.
(5)Scientists have warned that unless effective solutions are worked out, the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand.
(6)Many factories discharge enormous harmful chemicals into air and rivers every day.
(7)To kill insects, farmers use a large amount of insecticides so as to have a bumper harvest. As a result, they pollute the air, water and land.
(8)The gas from car engines is very poisonous. It is a main source of air pollution in cities.
(9)Deforestation result in the increase of global temperature and unpleasant change of climate.
(10)The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generation.
(11)Beijing now has become one of the most polluted cities in the world. Among the 10 cities with the worst air pollution in the world last year, Beijing was the third most polluted city.
(12)If the city had not plagued by poor quality air, the annual death rate in Beijing would have been 4 percent lower in past three years, according to the research done jointly by Beijing Medical University and Harvard University.
(13)Beijing consumes 2.8 million tons of coal each year, of which 75 percent are low-grade coal.
(14)To make room for those buildings, trees are being cut down, grass plots occupied. Cities look like nothing but grey concrete woods.
(15)Modern cities should be expanding with a certain percentage for green-plant areas.
(16)We must begin now to protect our only earth.
(17)Almost everything we use daily comes from the land directly or indirectly.
(18)But the limited land is decreasing at a surprising speed.
(19)The nature has given us so much, but looks at what we have done in return for its generosity.
(20)The ozone layer is our natural shield in the sky, but this shield is in great danger due to human activities. To protect the ozone layer is to protect us.
(21)Depleting the ozone layer allows more UV-B to reach the earth, which means more skin cancers, more eye cataracts(白内障),weakened immune systems, and reduced plant yield.
(22)The nature has been irritated, which results in the shortage of valuable resources, air pollution, countless acres of lands becoming deserts, etc.
(23)Fortunately, many countries have got to know the seriousness of the problem and take active measures to preserve the environment.
(24)We sincerely hope that all the people in the world will take part in the campaign and join hands to protect the nature.
(25)Besides, trees and lawns in our cities will in the long run help improve the local climate.
(26)The government should also spend more money on the preservation of current lawns and cultivation of new lawns.
(27)Chinese government has taken strict measures to stop careless and indiscriminate felling of trees.
(28)Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in environmental protection today.
(29)The government should let people full realize the importance of environmental protection through education.
(30)Cars should be equipped with special devices to reduce auto emission.
(31)Farmers can utilize modern biological techniques instead of chemical fertilizers to grow crops.
(32)Desert can be turned into cultivated land by a certain kind of shrub.
(33)Recycling of paper, steel and plastics is important for helping protect our environment.
(34)The city was beautified on a tremendous scale.
(35)Energy crisis will threaten our existence because of the people’s extravagance and the rapid growth of he population.
(36)It is imperative that we investigate and develop new sources of energy immediately.
(37)With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.
(38)We have a great need for energy because of the rapid growth of our economy.
(39)These rich energy resources are being used up rapidly.
(40)To avoid energy crisis in the future, we should take some actions.
(41)The overuse of energy has influenced ecological balance.
(42)The development of modern life is placing and ever increasing demand for electricity.
(43)If there were no energy, our world would be in a state of confusion.
(44)Protecting endangered species helps protect a healthy environment. Endangered species are nature’s early warning system for pollution and environmental degradation that may someday affect human health.(濒危物种是大自然的关于污染和环境恶化的早期警戒系统,污染和环境恶化有朝一日会影响人类的健康。)
(45)Protecting endangered species saves a part of nature for our children and grandchildren to enjoy.
(46)Protecting endangered species helps protect sustainable economies and a good quality of life. Endangered species of fish, wildlife and plants are of ecological, educational, historical, recreational and scientific value to the nations and their people.
(47)All of the living creatures, including humans, are part of a complex, delicately balanced network called the biosphere.
(48)No creature exists in isolation. The removal of a single species can set off a chain reaction affecting many others.
(49)It is estimated that about 12,000 Tibetan antelopes are killed each year. If this trend continues, this species will be extinct in two decades.
(50)A healthy environment for wildlife contributes to healthy environment for people, today and tomorrow.
(二)社会生活问题
1.好词
(1)Environmental/water/air/noise pollution (2)Resources exhaustion
(3)Wildlife extinction (4)Endangered species
(5)Natural habitat (6)Reserve areas
(7)Sand/dust storm (8)Clear-cutting/deforestation
(9)Over fishing (10)Overgrazing
(11)Soil erosion (12)Water and soil conservation
(13)Desertification (14)Natural disaster
(15)Flood threat (16)Fire hazard
(17)Storm/tempest (18)Blizzard
(19)Drought (20)Famine
(21)Disruption of ecological balance(the balance of ecosystem)
(22)Eruption of volcanoes (23)Earthquake
(24)Avalanche (25)Landslide
(26)Hurricane (27)Shortage of water resources
(28)Shortage of fresh water (29)Harmful chemicals
(30)Poisonous/toxic gases (31)Carbon monoxide
(32)Urban smog (33)Industrial waste
(34)Hazardous nuclear waste (35)Radioactive pollutants
(36)Waste gas sent off from automobiles (37)Car emission standard
(38)Non-biodegradable material (39)Throw-away lunchbox
(40)Recyclable product (41)Renewable resources
(42)Conserve natural resources (43)Plastic bags
(44)Greenhouse effect (45)Global warming
(46)Acid rain (47)Energy crisis
(48)Oil leakage (49)Environment awareness
(50)Pest rampancy (51)Rescue and relief work
(52)Garbage disposal
3.等比数列的性质
①等比数列任意两项间的关系:如果是等比数列的第
项,
是等差数列的第
项,且
,公比为
,则有
;
②对于等比数列,若
,则
,也就是:
,如图所示:
。
③若数列是等比数列,
是其前n项的和,
,那么
,
,
成等比数列.
如下图所示:
2.等比数列的判定方法
①定义法:对于数列,若
,则数列
是等比数列;
②等比中项:对于数列,若
,则数列
是等比数列.
1.等比数列的知识要点(可类比等差数列学习)
(1)掌握等比数列定义=q(常数)(n
N),同样是证明一个数列是等比数列的依据,也可由an·an+2=
来判断;
(2)等比数列的通项公式为an=a1·qn-1;
(3)对于G 是a、b 的等差中项,则G2=ab,G=±;
(4)特别要注意等比数列前n 项和公式应分为q=1与q≠1两类,当q=1时,Sn=na1,当q≠1时,Sn=,Sn=
。
题型1:等比数列的概念
例1.“公差为0的等差数列是等比数列”;“公比为的等比数列一定是递减数列”;“a,b,c三数成等比数列的充要条件是b2=ac”;“a,b,c三数成等差数列的充要条件是2b=a+c”,以上四个命题中,正确的有( )
A.1个 B.2个 C.3个 D.4个
解析:四个命题中只有最后一个是真命题。
命题1中未考虑各项都为0的等差数列不是等比数列;
命题2中可知an+1=an×,an+1<an未必成立,当首项a1<0时,an<0,则
an>an,即an+1>an,此时该数列为递增数列;
命题3中,若a=b=0,c∈R,此时有,但数列a,b,c不是等比数列,所以应是必要而不充分条件,若将条件改为b=
,则成为不必要也不充分条件。
点评:该题通过一些选择题的形式考察了有关等比数列的一些重要结论,为此我们要注意一些有关等差数列、等比数列的重要结论。
例2.命题1:若数列{an}的前n项和Sn=an+b(a≠1),则数列{an}是等比数列;
命题2:若数列{an}的前n项和Sn=an2+bn+c(a≠0),则数列{an}是等差数列;
命题3:若数列{an}的前n项和Sn=na-n,则数列{an}既是等差数列,又是等比数列;上述三个命题中,真命题有( )
A.0个 B.1个 C.2个 D.3个
解析: 由命题1得,a1=a+b,当n≥2时,an=Sn-Sn-1=(a-1)·an-1。若{an}是等比数列,则=a,即
=a,所以只有当b=-1且a≠0时,此数列才是等比数列。
由命题2得,a1=a+b+c,当n≥2时,an=Sn-Sn-1=2na+b-a,若{an}是等差数列,则a2-a1=2a,即2a-c=2a,所以只有当c=0时,数列{an}才是等差数列。
由命题3得,a1=a-1,当n≥2时,an=Sn-Sn-1=a-1,显然{an}是一个常数列,即公差为0的等差数列,因此只有当a-1≠0;即a≠1时数列{an}才又是等比数列。
点评:等比数列中通项与求和公式间有很大的联系,上述三个命题均涉及到Sn与an的关系,它们是an=,正确判断数列{an}是等差数列或等比数列,都必须用上述关系式,尤其注意首项与其他各项的关系。上述三个命题都不是真命题,选择A。
题型2:等比数列的判定
例3.已知等比数列中
,则其前3项的和
的取值范围是(D )
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
[解1]:∵等比数列中
∴当公比为1时,
,
;
当公比为时,
,
从而淘汰(A)(B)(C)
故选D;
[解2]:∵等比数列中
∴
∴当公比时,
;
当公比时,
∴ 故选D;
[考点]:此题重点考察等比数列前项和的意义,等比数列的通项公式,以及均值不等式的应用;
[突破]:特殊数列入手淘汰;重视等比数列的通项公式,前项和,以及均值不等式的应用,特别是均值不等式使用的条件;
点评:本题主要考查等比数列的概念和基本性质,推理和运算能力。
例4.(2009浙江文)设为数列
的前
项和,
,
,其中
是常数.
(I) 求及
;
(II)若对于任意的,
,
,
成等比数列,求
的值.
解(Ⅰ)当,
(
)
经验,(
)式成立,
(Ⅱ)成等比数列,
,
即,整理得:
,
对任意的成立,
题型3:等比数列的通项公式及应用
例5.一个等比数列有三项,如果把第二项加上4,那么所得的三项就成为等差数列,如果再把这个等差数列的第三项加上32,那么所得的三项又成为等比数列,求原来的等比数列.
解析:设所求的等比数列为a,aq,aq2;
则2(aq+4)=a+aq2,且(aq+4)2=a(aq2+32);
解得a=2,q=3或a=,q=-5;
故所求的等比数列为2,6,18或,-
,
。
点评:第一种解法利用等比数列的基本量,先求公比,后求其它量,这是解等差数列、等比数列的常用方法,其优点是思路简单、实用,缺点是有时计算较繁。
例6.(2009山东卷文)等比数列{}的前n项和为
, 已知对任意的
,点
,均在函数
且
均为常数)的图像上.
(1)求r的值;
(11)当b=2时,记 求数列
的前
项和
解:因为对任意的,点
,均在函数
且
均为常数)的图像上.所以得
,
当时,
,
当时,
,
又因为{}为等比数列, 所以
, 公比为
, 所以
(2)当b=2时,,
则
相减,得
所以
[命题立意]:本题主要考查了等比数列的定义,通项公式,以及已知求
的基本题型,并运用错位相减法求出一等比数列与一等差数列对应项乘积所得新数列的前
项和
.
例7.(1)(2009安徽卷文)已知数列{} 的前n项和
,数列{
}的前n项和
(Ⅰ)求数列{}与{
}的通项公式;
(Ⅱ)设,证明:当且仅当n≥3时,
<
[思路]由可求出
,这是数列中求通项的常用方法之一,在求出
后,进而得到
,接下来用作差法来比较大小,这也是一常用方法.
[解析](1)由于
当时,
又当时
数列
项与等比数列,其首项为1,公比为
(2)由(1)知
由即
即
又时
成立,即
由于
恒成立.
因此,当且仅当时,
点评:对于等比数列求和问题要先分清数列的通项公式,对应好首项和公比求出最终结果即可.
例8.(1)设{an}为等差数列,{bn}为等比数列,a1=b1=1,a2+a4=b3,b2b4=a3.分别求出{an}及{bn}的前10项的和S10及T10;
(2)在1与2之间插入n个正数a1,a2,a3……,an,使这n+2个数成等比数列;又在1与2之间插入n个正数b1,b2,b3,……,bn,使这n+2个数成等差数列.记An=a1a2a3……an,Bn=b1+b2+b3+……+bn.
(Ⅰ)求数列{An}和{Bn}的通项;
(Ⅱ)当n≥7时,比较An与Bn的大小,并证明你的结论。
(3)已知{an}是由非负整数组成的数列,满足a1=0,a2=3,
an+1an=(an-1+2)(an-2+2),n=3,4,5,….
(Ⅰ)求a3;
(Ⅱ)证明an=an-2+2,n=3,4,5,…;
(Ⅲ)求{an}的通项公式及其前n项和Sn。
解析:(1)∵{an}为等差数列,{bn}为等比数列,
∴a2+a4=2a3,b2b4=b32.
已知a2+a4=b3,b2b4=a3,
∴b3=2a3,a3=b32.
得 b3=2b32.
∵b3≠0 ∴b3=,a3=
.
由a1=1,a3=知{an}的公差为d=
,
∴S10=10a1+.
由b1=1,b3=知{bn}的公比为q=
或q=
.
当q=时,
,
当q=时,
。
(2)(Ⅰ)设公比为q,公差为d,等比数列1,a1,a2,……,an,2,等差数列1,b1,b2,……,bn,2。
则A1=a1=1·q A2=1·q·1·q2 A3=1·q·1·q2·1·q3
又∵an+2=1·qn+1=2得qn+1=2,
An=q·q2…qn=q(n=1,2,3…)
又∵bn+2=1+(n+1)d=2 ∴(n+1)d=1
B1=b1=1+d B2=b2+b1=1+d+1+2d Bn=1+d+…+1+nd=n
(Ⅱ)An>Bn,当n≥7时
证明:当n=7时,23.5=8·=An Bn=
×7,∴An>Bn
设当n=k时,An>Bn,则当n=k+1时,
又∵Ak+1=·
且Ak>Bk ∴Ak+1>
·
k
∴Ak+1-Bk+1>
又∵k=8,9,10… ∴Ak+1-Bk+1>0,综上所述,An>Bn成立.
(3)(Ⅰ)解:由题设得a3a4=10,且a3、a4均为非负整数,所以a3的可能的值为1,2,5,10.
若a3=1,则a4=10,a5=,与题设矛盾.
若a3=5,则a4=2,a5=,与题设矛盾.
若a3=10,则a4=1,a5=60,a6=,与题设矛盾.
所以a3=2.
(Ⅱ)用数学归纳法证明:
①当n=3,a3=a1+2,等式成立;
②假设当n=k(k≥3)时等式成立,即ak=ak-2+2,由题设ak+1ak=(ak-1+2)·(ak-2+2),因为ak=ak-2+2≠0,所以ak+1=ak-1+2,
也就是说,当n=k+1时,等式ak+1=ak-1+2成立;
根据①和②,对于所有n≥3,有an+1=an-1+2。
(Ⅲ)解:由a2k-1=a2(k-1)-1+2,a1=0,及a2k=a2(k-1)+2,a2=3得a2k-1=2(k-1),a2k=2k+1,k=1,2,3,…,即an=n+(-1)n,n=1,2,3,…。
所以Sn=
点评:本小题主要考查数列与等差数列前n项和等基础知识,以及准确表述,分析和解决问题的能力。
题型5:等比数列的性质
例9.(1)在各项都为正数的等比数列{an}中,首项a1=3,前三项和为21,则a3+a4+a5=( )
(A)33 (B)72 (C)84 (D)189
(2)(2000上海,12)在等差数列{an}中,若a10=0,则有等式a1+a2+…+an=a1+a2+…+a19-n(n<19,n∈N成立.类比上述性质,相应地:在等比数列{bn}中,若b9=1,则有等式
成立.
解析:(1)答案:C;解:设等比数列{an}的公比为q(q>0),由题意得:a1+a2+a3=21,即3+3q+3q2=21,q2+q-6=0,求得q=2(q=-3舍去),所以a3+a4+a5=q2(a1+a2+a3)=4故选C。
(2)答案:b1b2…bn=b1b2…b17-n(n<17,n∈N*);
解:在等差数列{an}中,由a10=0,得a1+a19=a2+a18=…=an+a20-n=an+1+a19-n=2a10=0,
所以a1+a2+…+an+…+a19=0,即a1+a2+…+an=-a19-a18-…-an+1,
又∵a1=-a19,a2=-a18,…,a19-n=-an+1
∴a1+a2+…+an=-a19-a18-…-an+1=a1+a2+…+a19-n,
若a9=0,同理可得a1+a2+…+an=a1+a2+a17-n,
相应地等比数列{bn}中,则可得:b1b2…bn=b1b2…b17-n(n<17,n∈N*)。
点评:本题考查了等比数列的相关概念及其有关计算能力。
例10.(1)设首项为正数的等比数列,它的前n项和为80,前2n项和为6560,且前n项中数值最大的项为54,求此数列的首项和公比q。
(2)在和
之间插入n个正数,使这
个数依次成等比数列,求所插入的n个数之积。
(3)设等比数列{an}的各项均为正数,项数是偶数,它的所有项的和等于偶数项和的4倍,且第二项与第四项的积是第3项与第4项和的9倍,问数列{lgan}的前多少项和最大?(lg2=0. 3,lg3=0.4)
解析:(1)设等比数列{an}的前n项和为Sn,依题意设:a1>0,Sn=80 ,S2n=6560。
∵S2n≠2Sn ,∴q≠1;
从而 =80,且
=6560。
两式相除得1+qn=82 ,即qn=81。
∴a1=q-1>0 即q>1,从而等比数列{an}为递增数列,故前n项中数值最大的项为第n项。
∴a1qn-1=54,从而(q-1)qn-1=qn-qn-1=54。
∴qn-1=81-54=27
∴q==3。
∴a1=q-1=2
故此数列的首为2,公比为3。
(2)解法1:设插入的n个数为,且公比为q,
则
。
解法2:设插入的n个数为,
。
(3)解法一: 设公比为q,项数为2m,m∈N*,
依题意有:,
化简得,
设数列{lgan}前n项和为Sn,
则Sn=lga1+lga1q2+…+lga1qn-1=lga1n·q1+2+…+(n-1)
=nlga1+n(n-1)·lgq=n(2lg2+lg3)-
n(n-1)lg3
=(-)·n2+(2lg2+
lg3)·n
可见,当n=时,Sn最大,
而=5,故{lgan}的前5项和最大,
解法二: 接前,,于是lgan=lg[108(
)n-1]=lg108+(n-1)lg
,
∴数列{lgan}是以lg108为首项,以lg为公差的等差数列,
令lgan≥0,得2lg2-(n-4)lg3≥0,
∴n≤=5.5,
由于n∈N*,可见数列{lgan}的前5项和最大。
点评:第一种解法利用等比数列的基本量,先求公比,后求其它量,这是解等差数列、等比数列的常用方法,其优点是思路简单、实用,缺点是有时计算较繁;第二种解法利用等比数列的性质,与“首末项等距”的两项积相等,这在解题中常用到。
题型6:等差、等比综合问题
例11.已知公比为的无穷等比数列
各项的和为9,无穷等比数列
各项的和为
。
(Ⅰ)求数列的首项
和公比
;
(Ⅱ)对给定的,设
是首项为
,公差为
的等差数列.求数列
的前10项之和.
解析:(Ⅰ)依题意可知:,
(Ⅱ)由(Ⅰ)知,,所以数列
的的首项为
,公差
,
,即数列
的前10项之和为155。
点评:对于出现等差、等比数列的综合问题,一定要区分开各自的公式,不要混淆。
4.等比数列前n项和公式
一般地,设等比数列的前n项和是
,当
时,
或
;当q=1时,
(错位相减法)。
说明:(1)和
各已知三个可求第四个;(2)注意求和公式中是
,通项公式中是
不要混淆;(3)应用求和公式时
,必要时应讨论
的情况。
3.等比中项
如果在中间插入一个数
,使
成等比数列,那么
叫做
的等比中项(两个符号相同的非零实数,都有两个等比中项).
2.等比数列通项公式为:。
说明:(1)由等比数列的通项公式可以知道:当公比时该数列既是等比数列也是等差数列;(2)等比数列的通项公式知:若
为等比数列,则
。
1.等比数列定义
一般地,如果一个数列从第二项起,每一项与它的前一项的比等于同一个常数,那么这个数列就叫做等比数列,这个常数叫做等比数列的公比;公比通常用字母表示
,即:
:
数列对于数列(1)(2)(3)都是等比数列,它们的公比依次是2,5,
。(注意:“从第二项起”、“常数”
、等比数列的公比和项都不为零)
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