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3.间位定位基

当苯环上的取代基为-NO2、-SO3H、-SO­2R、-COOH、-COOR、-CHO、-COR、-CN等时,使苯环钝化,但邻位和对位钝化程度较间位大,在取代反应中,新取代基大多进入间位,形成间位异构体。这类取代基称为有钝化作用的间位取代基。

如硝基苯在发烟硝酸、发烟硫酸存在下,长时间加热,可以制得少量的间硝基苯( ),同时比较硝基苯的制法可以看出,硝基的引入使苯的活性降低,反应的条件明显提高。

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2.邻对位定位基团--苯的活性减弱

当苯环上连接有卤素原子(-F、-Cl、-Br、-I)-CH2Cl、-CH=CH-等基团时,苯环的反应活性降低,这类反应比较特殊,往往需要在特殊溶剂、催化剂条件下才可能发生反应。

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苯环上有连接有不同的基团或官能团,当进一步引入基团时,其引入的位置与原有官能团(基团)有关,而且不同的基团,还会使苯环的反应活性发生较大的变化。

1.邻对位定位基团,苯环的活性增强

当苯环上连接烃基(甲基、乙基、苯基等)、氨基(-NH2、-NHR、-NR2,R为烷基)、羟基(-OH)、烷氧基(-OCH3、-OC2H5)等基团,使苯的反应活性增强,新引入的基团进入原基团的邻对位位置。

教材上制备硝基苯需要在浓硫酸、浓硝酸混酸与苯在55℃条件下制得,而通常只能得到,很难得到二硝基化合物。

甲苯中新引入的-NO2均处于甲基(-CH3)的邻位或对位。在过量硝酸存在下,很容易得到三硝基化合物(TNT),这也看出甲基提高了苯环的活性。

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30.(四川省成都市新都区2010届高中毕业班诊断性考试)

To my great surprise, yesterday, he asked me a few questions   there were no answers.

    A.to which         B.about which      C.in which         D.on which

答案  A

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29.(山东省临沂市2010届高三上学期期中考试)

The jouney around the world took the old sailor nine months, ________ the sailing time was 226 days.

A. from that       B. during that      C. of which       D. for which

答案  C

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28.(江苏省镇江市2010届高三12月调研)

Finally the manager adopted the best proposal ______ had been put forward at the meeting.

A. which            B. that              C. what            D. as

答案  B

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27.(湖南省师大附中2010届高三第四次月考)

We have gathered nearly 100,000 quilts, ___ up to half have gone to the flood-hit areas.

       A. with which         B. in which          C. for which      D. of which

答案  D

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26.(浙江省诸暨中学2010届高三上学期期中考试)

Every time he tries to break a record, he reaches a point ______ he feels he cannot physically do any more.

  A. what          B. which           C. where         D. that

答案  C

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25.(浙江省菱湖中学2010届高三上学期期中考试)

The room _____________ door is painted green is our headmaster’s office.

  A. whose        B. its         C. which        D. of which

答案  A

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24.(陕西省临渭区2010届高三第一次适应性调研测试)

It was in Shaanxi Normal University     I studied     I had a seed knowledge of life skills.  

A.that:that                         B.which;where 

C.where;which                      D.where;that

答案  D

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