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种类
先行词
关联词
例句
说明


 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 

(人)在从句中做主语或宾语
 
 
 

在从句中做主语或宾语
 
 
 
who
 
 
 
 
 
which
 
This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life .
这就是救了孩子生命的医生。
She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you .
她就是我要介绍给你的新学生
Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.
请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。
The novel which Tom bought is very interesting.
汤姆买的小说很有意思。
Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?
你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗?
who在从句中做主语
whom在从句中做宾语,口语中who可以代替whom,也可以被省去,但做介词宾语时只能用whom
 
 
which在从句中做主语。
which充当宾语时可以省去。
 
 
which做介词宾语不可省
 
 

种类
先行词
关联词
例   句
说  明
 
 
 




 
 




whose
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams
那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。
The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams.
The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.
那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。
=The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired 
whose在从句中做定语
指某人的也可以用…of whom代替whose
 
指物时也可以用…of which 代替 whose
 
 
 
 

 

that
The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang.
正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。
I’d like to see the films that are just on show.
我想看那些刚上映的电影。
that指人做主语
 
 
that指物做主语
 
种类
先行词
关联词
例     句
说  明
 
 

 
all, little much和some,any every ,no 构成的合成代词
 



 
 
 
 
that
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
that
 
 
They talked for about an hour of things and  persons that they remember in the school.
他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事,谈了大约有半个小时。
I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it .
我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
有什么我可以帮助做的事吗?
I’ve brought everything (that )you need.
我把你需要的东西都拿来了。
 
 
This is the best film that I have seen .
这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library.
我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆
先行词分别表示人和物,关系代词要用that,不用who或which
先行词表示物,关系代词用that不用which, 在从句中做宾语可省去 。如果先行词是人时,关系代词不受制约,用that或who (whom)
均可
 
 
先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时定语从句用that引导。
 

 

 
 

 
 
 

 
 

that
He is the only person that is believable.
他是唯一可靠的人。
John is the very person that she wants to see.
约翰正是她要见的人。
Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?
正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁?
Which of the books that you bought is easy to read?
你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。
先行词被the only, the very,the same 等修饰时用关系代词that.
 
 
当主句以who、which开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句要用that
 
 

 

when
He came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。
We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
在定语从句中作时间状语
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    注:先行词是time, minute, moment, next tim很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。

 
地点
where
This is the room where he put up for the night.
这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。
在定语从句中作地点状语
原因
理由
why
I know the reason why she studies so well .
我知道她学习好的原因。
在定语从句中作原因状语

(2)非限制性定语从句

种类
先行词
关联词
例   句
说  明
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
没有固定的先行词而是一个句子
 
who
whom
 
 
 
 
 
 
which
 
 
 
which
 
 
 
 
as
George ,who is my classmate, has won a scholarship.
乔治获得了奖学金,他是我的同学。
Dr. Li , whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow.
李大夫明天将来这儿,我跟他很熟悉。
I gave him a New Year card ,which he enjoyed very much.
我给他一张贺年卡,他很喜欢它。
He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .
他年轻时在校学习努力,这导致了他后来生活中的成功。
He gets up early ,as is always his habit.
他总是早起床,这是他的习惯。
John was admitted into the college, as we had expected.
约翰被大学录取了,这是我们期待的。
The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.
人人皆知,地球是圆的。
 
who, whom不能省去,也不能用that代替
 
 
 
 
 
 
which指物,不可省去,也不能用that代替
 
 
which作主语指它前面的整个句子,不可用that代替,强调结果。
 
 
 
as指全句,在从句中做主语。
 
 
as指全句意思,在从句中做宾语。
 
 
as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,句中或句末。
 
 
 
 
 
 
This is the same book as I lost yesterday.
这本书与我昨天丢失的那本书一样。
用于the same… as, such… as ,as…as等结构中。

 (3)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 

 
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
从句与先行词的关系
从句是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果省去,主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。
从句只是对先行词的附加说明,如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整
标  点
从句和主句之间不用逗号分开
从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开




指人who (that) whom
指物which (that)
人和物whose
关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去
指人who(作主语)whom(做宾语)
指物which
人和物的whose
关系代词一般不可省
修饰
从句只修饰一个名词或代词
可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句
翻译
定语从句译在被修饰词的前面
定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子

23.插入语的用法]

插入语作为独立于句子完整成分之外的插入部分,其插入位置比较随便,对整个句子的意思也没有太大影响,但可能对判断说话人的语气、意图、态度等很有用。插入语形式很多,可以是不定式、现在分词短语、介词短语、形容词及其词组、副词及其短语、主谓结构和简单从句等等。比较常见的如 so what, I think, you know等。插入语结构固定,因此一般语速都较快,但和主句之间往往有一些停顿。考生必须熟悉它们以帮助理解,但又要注意不要被它们干扰了对主要句意的把握。

试题详情

22.定语从句的用法]

 定语从句

知识要点:

试题详情

21. become,get,go,be,grow,turn 词语辨析]

这几个词用作连系动词时,都可以表示“变成”的意思,但具体用法有所不同。

 become通常不用来表示未来的事,而表示变化过程已经完成,用法比较正式。如:I became ill.我病倒了。

get也表示变化的过程已经完成,比become口语化,通常与形容词连用。如:He has got rich.他变富了。

go与get用法差不多,特别用于某些成语中。如:go bad变坏,go blind变瞎,go hungry挨饿。be表示“成为”的意思时,多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。如:He will be a scientist.他将成为一名科学家。I would like to be a bus-driver.我想成为一名公共汽车司机。

grow表示“逐渐变成新的状态”的含义。如:My younger brother is growing tall.我的弟弟渐渐长高了。

turn有“成为与以前完全不同的东西”的含义。如:The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。

试题详情

20. 主谓一致讲解]

在英语中,句子的主语和谓语动词要保持数上的一致关系,叫主谓一致。这种关系通常要遵循下面三条原则: 1.语法一致原则。句子的主语是单数形式,谓语动词要用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。如: Australia is an extremely rich country.澳大利亚是个非常富裕的国家。 What are advertisements made?广告是怎样制作的? 注意:anything,everyone,everybody,nobody,anyone,anybody, someone,somebody等复合不定代词作语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如: If anybody calls,tell him I'll be back later.如果有人找,告诉他我一会儿就回来。 当主语后面跟有as well as,like,but,except等引导的词语时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常与这些词语前面的主语保持一致。如: I as well as you am a football fan.不仅你是个足球迷,我也是个足球迷。 Nobody but Tom and Jane was there.除了汤姆和珍妮,没有人在那里。 2.意义一致原则。即谓语动词该用单数还是复数取决于主语所表达的内容在含义是单数意义还是复数意义。如: The Chinese are industrious.中国人是勤劳的。 The USA is a developed country.美国是个发达国家。 另外,像works(工厂),politics(政治),physics(物理)等词,虽然形式上是以s结尾,但表示的意义是单数,故谓语动词要用单数形式。相反,people,police等词形式上是单数形式,但表示复数意义,谓语动词要用复数形式。如: This works was built in 2000.这家工厂建立于2000年。 Maths is my favourite subject.数学是我最喜欢的学科。 3.邻近原则。谓语动词该用单数还是复数形式,取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的数。另外,neither...nor,either...or,not only...but also连接两个名词或代词作主语时,或由there,here引导的句子,并且主语不止一个时,谓语动词通常与邻近它的那个主语保持数上一致。如: There is a dictionary and some books on the desk.桌子上有一本词典和一些书。 Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon.不是她父亲就是她母亲每天下午来接她。 除了上述三个原则外,还有一些特殊的情况需要注意: 1.表示时间、重量、数目、价格、长度、数学运算等的词或词组作主语时,尽管它们是复数形式,但如果把这些复数形式的词或词组看作是一个整体,谓语动词就用单数形式。如: Three weeks is a short time.三个星期是很短的时间。 Ten pounds is not so heavy.十磅并不太重。 9999 is a large number.9999是个很大的数字。 2.动词不定式、动名词、从句或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如: To see is to believe.眼见为实。 It is not easy to master a foreign language.要掌握一门外语是不容易的。 Whether we go or not depends on the weather.我们去还是不去要看天气情况而定。 It is impossible that one can master a new language in such a short period of time.一个人要在这么短的时间内掌握一种新语言是不可能的。 Time is money.(谚语)时间就是金钱(一寸光阴一寸金)。 3.由and连接两个单词作主语时,要看其表示的意义来决定谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式。如果表示的是一个整体的概念或指的是同一事物,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表示的是两个不同的对象时,谓语动词用复数形式。如: Danish bacon and egg makes a good meal.丹麦咸肉炖蛋成了一顿美餐。(咸肉炖蛋看作一道菜肴。) The writer and the teacher are coming.作家和老师走来了。(作家和老师是两个人。) The poet and teacher is one of my friends.那位诗人兼教师是我的一位朋友。(诗人和教师指的是同一个人。) 4.集合名词people(人、人民),police一般看作复数意义,谓语动词要用复数形式。另外一些集合名词,如family,enemy,class, population,army等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式,要根据这些词在句中的实际含义而定。当它们表示的是整体意义时,谓语动词用单数形式;当它们强调或着重指个体成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。如: Are there any police around?附近有警察吗? There were few people present.出席的人寥寥无几。 His family isn't large.他家的人不多。 5.名词性物主代词mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs等作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于该动词后面名词的数,动词后面的名词是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;动词后面名词为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。如: His is a new bike.他的是一辆新自行车。 Ours are old bikes.我们的是些旧自行车。 6.many a意为“许多”,但因后面跟的是单数名词,谓语动词应用单数形式。如: Many a person has had that kind of experience.许多人都有过这种经历。

试题详情

19. 辨析surprise,surprising,surprised]

surprise既可用作动词,也可用作名词。作动词用时意为“使(某人)惊奇或吃惊”。作名词用时意为“惊奇、吃惊”。如: The bad news didn't surprise them.这个坏消息没使他们吃惊。 in surprise(惊奇地)和to one's surprise(使某人感到吃惊的是)都是含有名词surprise的两个短语。如: The two men looked at each other in surprise那两个人惊奇地互相看着。 To their surprise,the poor boy didn't die.使他们吃惊的是,那个可怜的男孩没有死。 surprised和surprising都是从动词surprise变来的两个形容词,但其用法区别在于:surprised有被动意味,表示“对……感到惊奇”,主语习惯上是人,且其后多接介词at;surprising有主动意味,指“使人惊奇的”,作表语时主语习惯上是事。试比较: I was surprised at his answer.我对他的回答感到吃惊。 Your success is surprising.你们的成功使人吃惊。

试题详情

18. 辨析for example,such as,like]

for example作“例如”讲,一般只以同类事物或人中的“一个”为例,作插入语,用逗号隔开,可置于句首、句中或句末。如: For example,air is invisible.例如,空气是看不见的。

such as也作“例如”讲,用来列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。如: Some of the European languages come from Latin,such as French, Italian and Spanish.有些欧洲语言来源于拉丁语,例如,法语、意大利语和西班牙语。 注意:使用such as来举例子,只能举出其中的一部分,一般不能全部举出。若全部举出,要改用namely(意为:即)。如: He knows four languages,namely Chinese,English,Russian and French.他精通四门语言,即汉语、英语、俄语和法语。

like也常用来表示举例,可与such as互换。注意:such as用于举例时可以分开使用,这时不与like互换。如: Some warm-blooded animals,like /such as the cat,the dog or the wolf,do not need to hibernate.一些温血动物,像猫、狗和狼都不需要冬眠。 He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks.他有几本像字典、手册之类的参考书。

试题详情

6.某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义 1)在need,want,require,deserve和bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动含义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如: The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。 My clothes need washing(to be washed).我的衣服需要洗了。 2)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。如: The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)这本画册很值得一读。 Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worth helping.(=Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worthy to be helped.)像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助。 This plan is not worth considering.(=This plan is not worthy to be considered.)这个计划不值得考虑。 3)某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义 a.当nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语,而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。如: Japanese is not difficult to learn.日语并不难学。(指日语被学) The water is unfit to drink.这水不适合喝。(指水被喝) The piece of music is pleasant to hear.这首音乐听起来很悦耳。(指音乐被听) This book is easy to read.这本书读起来很容易。(指书被读) b.当动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如: I have a lot of work to do today.我今天有很多工作要做。(work to do指被做的工作) He has three children to look after.他有三个孩子要照看。(children to look after指孩子被照看) 注意:如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式,其含义有所区别。如: I have some clothes to be washed.我有些要洗的衣服。(衣服不是自己洗) c.在there be...句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动或被动式,其含义没有什么区别。如: There is a lot of homework to do(to be done).有很多家庭作业要做。 There are some clothes to wash(to be washed).有些衣服要洗。 4)由介词for,on,above,under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义。如: His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon.=His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon.他的油画作品明天下午展出。 5)表示感官意义的连系动词如smell,feel,taste,look,sound等在句子中常表达被动含义。如: How nice the music sounds!这音乐听起来多悦耳! Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。 Our school looks more beautiful than before.我们学校看上去比以前更漂亮了。在主动语态中,使让动词(make,have,let)和感官动词(see, look,watch,notice,listen,hear,feel,find)后必省略to,但在被动语态中必须加上to

例:在教室里我们听见他唱了这首歌

we heard him sing this song in the classroom.

he was heard to sing this song by us in the classroom.

试题详情

5.  某些动词的主动形式表被动含义 英语中有很多动词如act,break,catch,cut,clean,drive,draw, let,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash,wear等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外,像 owe,beat,cook,bake,print,build,make等,有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义。如: This kind of radio doesn't sell well.这种收音机不太畅销。 The shop opens at eight o'clock.这个商店八点开门。 The pipe does not draw well.这烟斗不太通畅。 These plays act wonderfully.这些剧演得好。 Kate's book reads like an interesting novel.凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说。 注意:主动表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。如: The door won't lock.门锁不上。(指门本身有毛病) The door won't be locked.门不会被锁上。(指不会有人来锁门) His novels sell easily.他的小说销路好。(指小说本身内容好) His novels are sold easily.他的小说容易销售。(主要强调外界对小说的需求量大)

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4.  不能用于被动语态的情况 1)某些表示“静态”的及物动词(表示状态而不是动作,而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词)如have,fit,suit,hold(容纳),cost, suffer,last(持续)等不能用于被动语态。如: They have a nice car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。 My shoes don't fit me.我的鞋不合适。 My brain can't hold so much information at one time.我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。 How much /What does it cost?这值多少钱? Our holiday lasts 10days.我们的假期有十天。 This food will last(them)(for)3days.这食物足够(他们)(吃)三天。 2)不是所有带介词的动词都能用于被动结构。若是构成成语动词通常有被动态,若不构成成语动词则无被动态。试比较: They arrived at a decision.?A decision was arrived at.他们作出了决定。 They arrived at the station.他们到达车站。(不说:The station was arrived at.) He looked into the question.?The question was looked into.他调查了这个问题。 3)动词leave(离开),enter(进入),join(参加)不可用于被动语态。如: The car left the road and hit a tree.车子离开了道路,撞上了树。 4)某些及物动词可作不及物动词用,特别是后加副词(如well, easily等)时。主动语态有被动含义,这类动词常见的有sell,write, wear,wash,cook,open,close,lock,read,record等。如: His new novel is selling well.他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well.这布很耐洗。 This material won't wear.这种材料不耐穿。His play won't act.他的戏剧不会上演。 The window won't shut.这窗关不上。The door won't open.这门打不开。 The door won't lock.这门锁不上。This poem reads well.这首诗读来很好。 5)feel,look,appear,sound,taste,smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词,后接形容词作表语,不可用于被动语态。如: Tell me if you feel cold.你要是感到冷就告诉我。 You're looking very unhappy?what's the matter?你看来很不高兴???怎么回事儿? The soup tastes wonderful.这汤味道好极了。 Those roses smell beautiful.那些玫瑰好闻极了。 She appears to be friendly.她看上去很友好。 6)宾语是不定式或动词的或-ing形式时,不可用于被动语态。如: Peter hoped to meet her.彼得希望遇见她。 Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。 7)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不可用于被动语态。如: She can dress herself.她可以自己穿衣服。 We could hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。 8)宾语是同源宾语时,不可用于被动语态。如: They live a happy life.他们过着幸福的生活。 The girl dreamed a sweet dream .那女孩做了个甜美的梦。 9)宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时,不可用于被动语态。如: The old man broke his(=the old man's)legs.那老人把自己的腿弄断了。 The girl shook her(=the girl's)head.那女孩摇了摇头。

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3.  被动语态改为主动语态的方法: 被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语(或按题意要求确定主语),按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,此时要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。如: History is made by the people.?The people make history.

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