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3. 虚拟语气应用于如下结构中: (1)一种定语从句:It’s time that+did (2)两种目的状语从句: so that/in order that+ can/may/could/might +do

(3)三种随时变化句: ①   wish     现在→did/were     if only  + 过去→had done as if/though    将来→could/would do ② would rather + 现在/将来→did/were          过去→had done ③ 现在:if+did/were, would+ do   过去:if+had done, would+ have done   将来:did       if+ were to do, would+ do       should do 注意:除了由if引导的虚拟条件句外,还有倒装条件句,即把were、had或should提前;混合时间句,虚实错综句,以及含蓄条件句,即由or, otherwise, with, without, but for来引导的。

(4)四种名词性从句: ①当表语是important, natural, necessary, possible, strange, arranged, decided, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, surprising, a pity, no woder时,主语从句要用虚拟语气。例: It’s important that we (should) help each other. ②动词一坚持(insist),两命令(command, order),三建议(advise, propose, suggest),四要求(ask, demand, request, require)后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。例: He insisted that he (should) be sent to the West. 注:insist(坚持说), suggest(暗示,表明)时,从句应用陈述语气。如: Her pale face suggested that she was ill. ③idea, plan以及表示“坚持,命令,建议,要求”等动词的同源名词作主语时,表语从句用虚拟语气。例: My suggestion is that we (should) hold a class meeting. ④idea, plan以及表示“坚持,命令,建议,要求”等动词的同源名词后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。例: The office gave an order that his soldiers fight back bravely.

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2. 几个情态动词的辨析与特殊用法: (1)can/could用于肯定句中表“可以”,或“能够”(强调与生俱来的能力);be able to强调过去设法完成的某一具体的动作。 (2)used to表示过去常常干某事,暗示“现在不干了”,以及表示过去一直存在的状态;would表示过去常常干某事,但不涉及现在的情况,还可以表示过去一直烦人的事情。 (3)need/dare作为实义动词时,应用need/dare to do; 作为情态动词时,一般不用于肯定句中。 (4)shall用于第一、三人称,表示征询对方意见或请求;用于第二、三人称时,表示命令、强制、允诺或威胁。 (5)will可以表示意愿或必然趋势。 If he won’t help us, all our plans will be ruined. The window won’t open.

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10. come to terms with:达成协议,妥协   take possessions of:获得,占有   in/with relation to:与…有关联,关于   in memory of sb:为了纪念某人   match…with…:把…和…搭配起来

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9. population:对此进行提问时,要使用what,人口的“多,少”使用large, small;表示“有多少人”时用“has a population of…”。 population:用作主语时,谓语动词的单复数由其后面的表语来决定。 ----What’s the population of China? ----China has a population of 1.3 billion. The population of New Zealand is small.   The population of developing countries are mostly peasants.

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8. praise sb/sth   praise sb for (doing) sth:因…赞扬…   praise sb as…:称赞…是…   sing high praise for:称赞…   in praise of:赞美

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7. around/round the corner:在拐角处,即将到来 in the corner:在角落里 on the corner:在拐角上 at the corner:在拐角处(比on的范围大)

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6. put up:搭起,建筑 set up:建立,成立 build:建造 build up:建立 found:创立,创办

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5. promise n.诺言,有指望,有前途,可能性   There is a promise of better weather tomorrow.    keep a promise→break a promise    carry out a promise:履行诺言    fulfill a promise:实现诺言    v.许诺,答应,有…迹象,使…很有可能    I can’t promise, but I’ll do my best.    The clouds promise rain.    promising adj. 有前途的,有希望的

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4. hope:指与过去、现在或将来有关的希望,不能接名词,双宾语或复合宾语。 wish:多指美好的祝愿,或表达的是过去,现在或将来发生的令人遗憾的事,接从句时使用虚拟语气。 hope for:希望、期待、对(某物)有信心 We hope you’ll be very happy. I wish I had gone to that party. We haven’t heard from him for a long time, but we are still hoping for a letter.

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3. journey:适用范围广,可指陆海空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行。   trip:指短时间,短距离的旅行。   travel:泛指旅游,前面一般不用冠词。   travels:多指旅行经历   journey和trip强调往返性,travel不侧重往返性,可以是章程旅行。   Voyage:海上旅行或航海。

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