2. pay back, pay off, pay for

pay back是“偿还，报复，报答”的意思

pay off是除“还清”的意思外，常用的意思还有“有报酬”

pay for是“付……款”的意思。

How can I pay you back for all your kindness? 你的这番好意我该怎么报答呢? / Soon they paid off the loan. 不久他们把贷款还清了。/ His hard work paid off when he got the promotion. 他得到了提升，他的努力没有白费。/ Do you have to pay for your schooling? 你上学要付学费吗?

1. now that, due to, because of, owing to

(1) now that 作“既然”讲时，相当于since。now that中的that可省去。Now (that) you are well again, you can travel. 你既然恢复了健康，就能够旅行了。

(2) due to 作“起因于、归功于”时，常作表语或跟在名词后。Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious results.粗枝大叶造成的错误可能带来严重后果。/ The team's success was largely due to her efforts. 该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。

(3) because of “由于、因为”，在句中作状语或表语。His anger is because of your bad deeds. 他是因你的失礼行为而生气。

(4) owing to “由于、因为”，常在现代英语中与because of，due to换用。Owing to unfavorable weather, I was unable to carry on with it. 由于天气不好，我不能把它进行下去。

7. First come, first ____.

☆词语比较☆

6. The school building is limited, so we have no ____ room to hold this meeting.

5. How I ____him the pleasures he had during the vacation!

4. After all the students had taken their seats, the teacher ____ out the examination papers.

3. I ____ to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind.

2. Children are tired of learning often because they ____ to do better than they can.

1. Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had ____.

12. spare

1) adj. 备用的，多余的，剩余的 a spare tire 备用轮胎 / spare cash 余款　 If you have a spare bed, may I stay tonight? / Have you any spare time to help me?

2) n. 节约，抽出　 spare no effort / pain 不遗余力 / spare no expense 不惜工本 / Please spare me your opinions, just tell me the facts. / Can you spare this time to help me? / Can you spare me this book for a while?

▲ 搭配：

① in one's spare time 在空余时间；在业余时间 ② spare no pains / efforts to do sth 不遗余力地去做某事 ③ spare one's energy 节省精力

[考例3](2005湖北)They started off late and got to the airport with minutes to ____.

A. spare　 B. catch　 C. leave　 D. make

[考查目标]考查几个与时间名词搭配的动词含义。

[答案与解析]A　 题意为“他们出发晚了，只剩下几分钟的时间赶往机场”。to spare = be able to afford to give (time, money, etc.) 意为“多余。余富”。

[考点5]turn 的用法

▲ 构词：turning n. [C]拐弯处，拐角处

▲搭配：

① turn around / round 转过身；转过来

② turn away 把……打发走；解雇；拒绝；把脸扭开

③ turn down 关小；调低；拒绝

④ turn green 变绿

⑤ turn in 上缴；移交给警察

⑥ turn off 关掉(自来水、电灯、收音机等)；切断

⑦ turn on 开；旋开(电灯、无线电等)

⑧ turn over 翻到；翻身；翻(书页)；翻动；翻耕(土地)；把…翻一翻；移交(工作)；转让(公司)

⑨ turn to 翻到；转向；求救于；求助于

⑩ turn up 调大；出现；到达；找到；转弯；转向

⑪ turn...into... 把……变成……

⑫ wait one's turn 等着轮到某人

⑬ by turns 轮流地．依次

⑭ turn out 结果证明是；生产

⑮ turn into 进入

⑯ in turn 依次；反过来(表示对比)

▲句型：

① turn + n. = become a / an / the + n. 变成

② turn + adj. (green / yellow / deaf) 变得 It's one's turn to do sth = Now comes one's turn to do sth 轮到某人干某事了；该某人干某事

一般疑问句：Is it one's turn to do sth?

特殊疑问句：Whose turn is it to do sth?

take turns (at) doing sth / to do sth = take one's turn to do sth = do sth by turns = do sth in turn 轮流千某事

“(结果)证明”可表达为：...turn out (to be) + 名词或形容词；It turns / turned out that + 句子。例如：The meeting turned out to be a great success. 结果会议开得很成功。= It turned out that the meeting was a great success.

▲ 辨析：①become; get; go; grow; turn

该组词作系动词用时， 均表示变化，但

become意为“变成，成为， 转为”，多用于书面语，多指有一种状态向另一种状态的变化，所表示的变化过程往往已经完成，其后可接形容词、名词等作表语。

get意为“变成，……起来”，多用于口语，多指由一种状态变成另一种状态，表示短时间的状态变化，其后接形容词、不定式或现在分词等作表语。

go常指由好变坏或由正常情况变成特殊情况。如：go bad / blind / mad / crazy / wrong / red变坏 /变瞎 / 变疯 / 出毛病 / (气得脸)变红；表示短时间的状态变化，其后接形容词等作表语。

grow有“逐渐变成新状态”之意，强调变化过程。

turn意为“变成”，表示成为完全不同的事物，强调变化的结果。其后可接形容词作表语，一般表示东西变质，人或天气变坏及颜色的变化等，后接名词时，名词前无冠词。例如：Johnson has become a lawyer, but Michael remains a waiter at a hotel. Johnson已做了律师，可Michael却还在一家宾馆当服务员。/ Don't get too excited! 不要太激动! / Meat goes bad easily in summer. 肉在夏天易变坏。/ The smoke grew thicker. 烟变得更浓了。/ The milk turned sour. 牛奶酸了。 He has turned journalist. = He has become a journalist. 他已经成了一名记者。

② close shut；turn off 该组词均表达“关，关闭”之意，但close意为“关，关闭，封闭”，是较正式的用语，常指把门窗、箱子、盒千等关闭起来或将使用着的路封闭起来。shut意为“关，关闭，关牢”，可与互换使用，但其意味更强，强调关的结果，含有关紧或关牢之意。turn off 意为“关．关闭”，常用于电源、电灯、电视、收音机等电器及水流等液体的关闭。

[考例5](2004浙江) We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite ____ as planned.

A. make out　　 B. turn out　 C. go on　 D. come up

[考查目标] 考查动词短语辨析。

[答案与解析]B　 make out表示“分辨”；turn out表示“结果是”；go on 表示“继续”；come up表示“问题等被提出”。结合上下文的意思应该选turn out。

[考点7]waste 的用法

▲ 搭配：a waste of……的浪费

▲ 句型：

① waste sth 浪费；消耗

② waste time / money + (in) doing sth 浪费时间／金钱干某事

③ waste time / money + on sth 浪费时间 / 金钱……

④ It's (a) waste of time / money / breath + to do sth. / doing sth 干某事是白费时间／钱／口舌

[考例7](NMET 1995)You're ____ your time trying to persuade him; he'll never join us.

A. spending　　 B. wasting　　 C. losing　 D. missing

[考查目标]考查动词的辨析。

[答案与解析]B　 根据上下文的意思”他不会加到我们中的，所以你是在浪费时间”。

[牛刀小试1]

用所给单词的适当形式填空：

(spare, hope, waste, hand, expect, envy)