3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

　　　 注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

　　　 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

2、　 语法性的倒装

A→各种疑问句的倒装

例：1)Are you against the plan?

2)What do you like best?

●注意：但如果主语是由一个疑问词表示的或修饰的，语序不变。

例：1)Who did it? (疑问词who是主语，语序不变仍为主语who+谓语did)

2)How many students in your school joined the army ?

(分析：主语students由how many修饰，语序不变。)

B→there be句型中的倒装

　 在此句型中，主语总是在谓语之后，无论是在陈述句中还是疑问句中。

例：1)There were no school or hospitals there before.

2)Is there any ink in the bottle?

C→直接引语中的倒装

a.　　 直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，它的主语(说话人)和谓语(引述动词)常要倒装。

b.　　 但当主语是代词或谓语动词含有助动词时，一般不倒装。

c.　　 另外，如果谓语比主语长，或是它后面有宾语时，一般也不倒装。

例：1)“Will you please carry it for you”? said the old man

2)“Please do me a favour”, he said.

3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him.” said Tom.

　　 4)“I am hungry”，she had said.

D→省略if的虚拟语气条件句中的倒装

　 If引导的虚拟语气，条件句中如含有助动词were, should和had时，可以使用倒装。

句型：were/should/had+主语+……

　　　 =if+主语+were/should/had……

当if省略时，助动词were, should和had要倒装到主语前去；而if不省略时，主语和助动词用正常语序。

例：1)Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.

=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.

2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

3)Had you my troubles, you would despair.

=If you had my troubles, you would despair.

E→so，nor，neither用于句首时的倒装

当so，nor，neither用于句首,说明前面一句话中谓语表示的情况也适用于另外一个人或物时，句子要用倒装。

例：1) A: I have had my breakfast.

　　　 B: So have I.

2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages.

　 B: So can I.

3)A: Will you go home this weekend?

　 B: After that we never saw her again.

4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.

F→as 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装

+as+主语+系动词be,主语+动词

副词/实义动词 +as+主语+动词，主语+动词

分别叙述如下：

句型一：形容词+as+主语+系动词be

例：1)Young as he is，he knows a lot of things.

　 　=Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things.

　 　　=He is young but he knows a lot of things.

句型二：名词(不带冠词)+as+主语+系动词be

例：1)King as he is，he is unhappy.

　　　 =Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy.

　　　 =He is a king, but he is unhappy.

2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.

　=Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.

句型三：副词+as+主语+动词

1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.

=Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it.

=I like it much, but I won’t buy it.

2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him.

句型四：实义动词+as+主语+助动词

1)Try as she does, she will never find it.

=She tries but she will never find it.

2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy.

▲3．修辞性的倒装(常考内容)

　 除了语法性倒装之外，有些倒装是由于修辞的原因而采用的，叫做修辞性倒装。

A→否定词放在句首时的倒装

句型：否定词+助动词/be动词+主语

▲常见放在句首的否定词

By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration,

under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示决不

barely 简直没有　　 hardly 几乎不　 scarcely 几乎不　

never　 从不　　　　 rarely 很少　　 little　 几乎没有;一点也不

seldom 很少　　　　 only　 只有　　　 not　 不，没有

not…until…　 直到…才…　　 nowhere　 没有地方，无处

not a bit 一点也不　　　　　 not only…but also…　 不但…而且…

例：1)Barely does he have enough money to live on.

　　 =He barely has enough money to live on.

2) By no means is translation easy.

=Translation is by no means easy.

3)Little did I think that I would lose the game.

=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.

(注：这里not at all=little 译为：一点也不)

在上面表格所列到的否定词中，有几个词是强调两个动作的紧密相接，说明如下：

a.　　 hardly…when…　 一…就…

例：Hardly did he see me when he ran away.

　 =As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

b.　　 scarcely…when… 一…就…

例：Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.

c.　　 no sooner…than… 一…就…

例：No sooner had they reached home than it rained.

　 =It rained as soon as they reached home.

d. not only…but also…　 不但…而且…

例：1)No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.

　 =I not only made a promise, but (also)I kept it.

　 2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.

B→副词(短语)放在句首时的倒装

以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副词(短语)为首的句子中，要倒装以表示特别强调的语气。例:

1)Then came the time we had been looking for ward to.

=The time we had been looking forward to came then.

2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.

=Summer begins in June, July and August came then.

3) Out rushed the boy.

4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties.

5) 比较： He was very angry. He didn’t say a word.

　 　　　　He was very angry. Not a word did he say.

6)比较： I shall never be late for school.

　　　　 　Never again shall I be late for school.

C→only+副词在句首时的倒装

Only+副词/副词短语/状语从句+助动词/be+主语

例：1)Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.

I realized I made such a big mistake only then.

2) Only in this way can you worked it out.

3) Only when one loses health does one know its value.

4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.

=When he got home he knew what happened to his father.

D→频度副词在句首时的倒装

频度副词always, often, once出现在句首时，句子要倒装。

例：1)Often did we warn them not to do so.

2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.

=We will always remember the importance of the meeting.

Summary:主语和谓语的顺序分为两种：

自然语序：主语+谓语

倒装语序：谓语+主语

1、　 部分倒装和全部倒装

我们通常使用的语序是自然语序，即主语在前，谓语在后，但有时谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面，即采用倒装语序。倒装的原因，或是语法结构的需要，或是为了强调。

A→部分倒装

　 部分倒装是谓语中的一部分(如：助动词、情态动词或系动词be)放在主语前面，其余部分仍放在主语后面。

例：ⅰ)Only in this way can we work at the physics problem.(情态动词)

ⅱ)Never had he had any experience like that.(助动词)

ⅲ)Not only is he a singer,but also he is a dancer.(系动词)

B→全部倒装

　 全部倒装是句子中没有助动词，情态动词或系动词be时，要把谓语动词放在主语的前面。

例：Here comes the bus.

Up went the arrow in to the sky.

The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.

●　　 例外：这时如果主语是人称代词，则主谓不倒装。

例：Here he comes.

Here you are. 给你

Here we are.　 我们到了

▲　　 重点：在英语中，从形式上可分为部分倒装和全部倒装，我们为了使于理解，还可以把它分为语法性倒装。这是由于语法上的需要而必须倒装的句子，还有一种是修饰性倒装，顾名思义，这些句子如果不是特意加以强调，可以不必倒装。

2、　 状语的语序

在句子中如果同时有时间状语和地点状语时，先地点后时间：地点状语→时间状语，这和汉语中状语的语序不同，汉语是先时间后地点。

例：Ⅰ)My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.

Ⅱ)At the airport last night two events take place.

Ⅲ)I stayed there for 3 weeks last year.

在英语中，一般常见的语序为“主语+谓语+宾语”，此语序与汉语基本相同，但定语在句子的位置，中文和英文略有差异，下面举例说明：

1、　 定语的语序

(1)当定语是单词或动词–ing 形式时，在英语中多将定语放在被修饰的前面，与汉语相同。　　

例：He is a naughty boy. (形容词)

(2)当定语是短语或定语从句时，其中短语包括：介词短语，分词短语，不定式短语，放在修饰词的后面。

例： I)She had a basket (full of apples) 　(短语)

II) The boy (who is sleeping) is my little brother. (定语从句)

III)The students(in the room)are from Asia.(介词短语)

(3)当定语是副词或某些过去分词时,放在所修饰词后面。

例：I) The women (here) are for you.(副词)

II) I like the books (written) by him.(过去分词)

(三)中国古代人口变动的因素有

第一，　 国家多人身控制的程度；

第二，与疆域的增缩和统治范围的变化有关。

第三，与封建统治的深化有关，统治稳固时，人口统计相对真实，隐匿人口现象减少。

第四，与社会经济的发展和人口观念有关系。

例题训练

清初是我国封建社会的衰落时期，又是我国历史上著名的“康乾盛世”，应如何认识这种“衰落”与“盛世”的关系？概括“衰落”的具体表现，分析盛世局面形成的原因。

(二)中国史籍中保留了极为丰富的人口资料。

先秦时约在一、二千万左右；西汉平帝时约五千九百余万；

东汉初两千七百余万；东汉中期约五千万；

唐初一千万；开元时期五千万；

明朝永乐时期四千五百万；清初三千万；清乾隆初年一亿四千万；道光时期四亿一千万。

其发展趋势呈周期性变动，人口增长呈马鞍型，其频率和王朝盛衰、更替相同。

(一)人口对于自然经济下的中国有着极为重要的意义。

人力是当时生产力的主体，是小农经济的支撑。人丁，是封建国家赋役制度的具体承担者。

人口的多寡和国土的多少一样，是当时社会的治乱、国力盛衰的标志。

但是，到了清朝，由于摊丁入亩、战乱减少等原因，人口急剧增加，带来严重的社会问题。如人多地少，盲目垦荒，造成严重的水土流失和洪涝灾害。这一后果一直影响到现在。