5.主语+及物动语+宾语+宾补
(1)接名词作宾补的动词:find, think, elect, name, call, appoint, consider, make, leave等。如:
They usually call the baby Dick,他们经常把婴儿的名字称为迪克。
(2)接形容词作宾补的动词:keep, get, lay, drink, push, paint, set, turn, drive, let, call, cut, break, open, hold等。如:
She will make him happy.她将使他幸福。
Please cut the stick short.请把这根棍子砍短点。
(3)接副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等作宾补的及物动词:leave, put ,see, notice, watch, observe等。如:
He left me waiting in the rain.他让我在雨中等。
[典例4] I found _____impossible ______him _____his mind.
A. this, to make; change B. it; to make; to change
C. this; to make; to change D. it; to make; change
解析D 及物动词及宾语补足语考查题。根据句子结构分析法可以判断:第一空为形式宾语it,第二空为真正的动词不定式作宾语,第三空为使役动词make后省去to的宾补change。故选D
难点 动词词组的使用与辨析
动词词组的使用和辨析是动词考点中的重点也是难点,考查形式涉及多项选择题中的语法和 和词汇知识题、多项选择式完形填空题、短文改错题多种题型。
[典例1]Kathy _____a lot of Spanish by playing with the native boys and girls.
A. picked up B. took up C. made up D. turned up
解析 A动词词组辨析题。pick up 获得,学到,捡起,使恢复精神;take up开始从事,吸收;make up弥补,虚构;turn up找到,出现。根据句意:凯西通过与当地孩子们玩耍而学到了不少西班牙语。故选A。
[典例2]Helen always helps her mother even though going to school ______most of her day.(2004·广东卷)
A. takes up B. makes up C. saves up D. puts up
解析 A考查动词词组的辨析。海伦总是帮助她的母亲,即使上学占用了她一天中的大部分时间。四个短语的意思分别为:take up占据,填满;make up形成,构成或组成某物;save up储存,储蓄;put up 张贴(海报、通告等),提出(意见)供讨论。根据句意判断take up 合题意。
[典例3] You can take anything from the shelf and read, but please _____the books when you’ve finished them.(2004·全国卷Ⅰ)
A. put on B. put down C. put back D. put off
解析 C 考查动词词组的辨析。此句句意为:你可以从书架上随便拿书去读,但是读完以后请把书放回原处put on 穿上,伪装;put down写下,平定;put off 推迟,搪寒;只有put back放回原处合句意。
[典例4]His mother had thought is would be good for his character to_____from home and earn some money on his own.(2002·北京卷)
A. run away B take away C.keep away D.get away
解析 D 考查动词词组的辨析。四个选项都符合语法要求,再看本句句意:他母亲原本认为他离开家自己赚钱对锻炼他的性格有好处。get away from home的意思正是“离开家”。
小试牛刀
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
(1)用to变换间接宾语的动词:bring, give, hand, offer, show, teach, throw, pass, pay, send, sell, return, tell, allow, lend等。如:
Could you bring me the book?或 Could you bring the book to me ?请你把那本书带给我好吗?
(2)用for变换间接宾语的动词make,buy,choose,cook,find,get,order,paint,sing, spare,fetch等。如:
He bought me a bottle of ink.或He bought a bottle of ink for me .他为我买了一瓶墨水。
(3)用for和to或其它介词变换间接宾语的动词:do, leave, play等。如:
Will you do me a favor?或 Will you do a favor for me ?你能帮我忙吗?
[典例3] Smoking will______harm to you .Please get rid of it.
A. do B. give C. make D. find
解析 A 接双宾语的动词考查题。此句的harm为直接宾语,to you为间接宾语。句意为:吸烟对你有害,请戒掉烟吧。从搭配而言,常说do sb.harm 或do harm to sb。故选A。
3.主语+系动词+表格
系动词在此句型中的用法:be, become, come, get, smell, taste, feel, sound, remain, stay, appear, go, turn, fall, run, keep等。
(1)系动词+形容词作表语。如:
That argument sounds reasonable,那个观点听起来有道理。
(2)系动词+名词作表语。如:
Later he became an acrobat.他后来成为一名杂技演员。
(3)系动词+副词、介词短语或反身代词作表语。如:
He is near,他在附近。
[典例2]The cooking chicken in the pot ______very good.
A. smells B. feels C. sounds D. tastes
解析 A 系动词考查题。根据The cooking chicken正在煮的的鸡肉,推断出“闻起来很香”,故用smell。其它feel感觉起来;sound听起来;taste尝起来,均不合题意。
2.主语+及物动词+宾语
理解及物动词在此句型中带宾语的用法:
(1)及物动词+名词或代词作宾语。如:
He raised his arms above his head.他把手臂举过头顶。
Will you be spending your holiday abroad this year?你今年准备到国外去度假吗?
(2)及物动词+动名词作宾语。此类及物动词或动词短语有:avoid, mind, miss, suggest, finish, practice, imagine, enjoy, delay, escape, feel like, put off ,insist on ,give up, can’t help, stick to等。如:
I suggested taking a walk.我建议去散步。
You must not give up studying.你不该放弃学习。
(3)及物动词+不定式作宾语。此类及物动词有:afford, agree, ask, expect, hope, want, wish, manage, pretend, decide, determine, learn,
offer, plan, refuse等。如:
I hope to go to college.我希望上大学。
The firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.公司无法支付如此巨额的工资。
(4)既可接动名词又可接动词不定式的动词(见非谓语动词专题之热点)。
1.主语+不及物动词
理解不及物动词在此句型中的常用法:
(1)一般表达型。此类不及物动词常可与表示距离、持续时间、重量、价值等的副词修饰语连用。如:Boy, can you go any farther? Boy, can you go any farther? 伙计,你还走得动吗?
The smoke from our fire rose straight up in the still air.
我们生的火冒出的烟在无风的空气中袅袅上升。
(2)主动形式表示被动含义型。此类常见的动词或短语有:read, sell wash, write, open, draw, wear, happen, take place, break out ,last ,go out ,run out ,cost, spread等。如:
The tickets to the play sold well。那台戏的戏票很畅销。
The accident happened outside my house.这个事故发生在我家房子的外面。
[典例1]Food and drink are _____,but the men are still cheerful and confident.
A. running out B. going out C. spreading D. happening
解析 A 不及物动词的考查。动词run out表示“被用完”; go out 表示“出去,熄灭”;spread表示“传播”;happen表示“发生”。根据句意:食物和饮料快用光了,但这些人仍旧很愉快和自信。
2.实为及物动词却常被误为不及物动词
enter(误为enter into) marry(误为marry with)
reach(误为reach to) mention(误为mention about)
serve(误为serve for) address(误为address to)
approach(误为approach with) salute(误为salute to)
fit(误为fit for) benefit (误为benefit to)
[典例2]She ____John to get away from her step-mother.
A. married B. married with C. married to D. was married
解析A此句中的marry表示“嫁给”,为及物动词,可直接带宾语。
重点2 五种基本句型中的动词使用
简单句的五种基本句型,通常与及物动词、不及物动词和系动词密不可分。
1.几组拼写形式不同而容易混淆的动词
hang hanged hanged(绞死) lay laid laid(放置)
hang hung hung(悬挂) lie lied lied(说慌)
lie lay lain(平卧)
find found found(发现) fall fell fallen(跌倒)
found founded founded(建立) fell felled felled(砍伐、击倒)
fail failed failed(失败)
[典例1] The carpet where he _____was warm and comfortable, so he slept soundly.
A. was laying B. was lying C. had laid D.了had lied
解析 B 易混淆词辨析题。动词lay表示“搁置、放”时,现在分词为laying,过去分词为laid;而lie作“躺”讲时,现在分词为lying,过去分词为lain,如其过去分词为lied,则含义为“撒谎”。此处为“躺的地方”,故用was lying。
4.关于hurt, wound, injure和harm
(1)hurt:表示“肉体或情感上的痛苦,强调疼痛感”。如:
Many people were hurt when a bus and a truck collided.
一辆公共汽车和一辆卡车相撞,许多人受了伤。
(2)wound:表示“由于剑、刀、枪等锐器造成身体上较严重的外伤,特别是在战争中受伤”。如:The soldier was wounded in the arm.这个士兵的胳膊受伤了。
(3)injure:表示“指意外事故或偶发事件造成的伤害”。如:
There were two people injured in the car accident.
有两个人在车祸中受了伤。
(4)harm: 表示“引起疼痛、痛苦或损失,其对象可以是自己,也可以是其他人或物”。如:Our dog won’t harm you.我们的狗不会伤害你的。
Getting up early won’t harm you!早起对你没有坏处。
[典例4]There was an unexpected explosion in our street, but our building wasn’t_____ at all .
A. hurt B. wounded C. harmed D. injured
解析 C 近义词辨析题目。hurt强调“精神或肉体上的疼痛”;wound强调“刀、枪伤”;harm强调“危害、损失”;injure强调“意外伤害”。名意为:我们住的街道发生了一次意外的爆炸事故,但我们的大楼却丝毫没有受损。故用harmed合句意。
重点 1 两种常错常考的可作谓语的动词
3.关于cost, spend, take和pay
(1)从意义上讲,都可表示“花钱”。如:“我花10元钱买衬衣”。这一句话可有四种翻译:
The shirt cost me ten yuan.
I spent ten yuan on the shirt.
It took me ten yuan to buy the shirt.
I paid ten yuan for the shirt.
(2)结构搭配上的不同
①spend的主语只能是人。
常用结构:sb. +spend(s)+time/money on sth./in doing sth.
②cost的主语只能是指事或物的名词、代词或名词性短语。
常用结构:sth. +cost(s)+ sb. +time/money
③take的主语多为指物的名词。
常用结构:It + takes +time/ money +to do sth.
④pay的主语是人,为买某物而付钱。
常用结构:sb. +pay(s)+ money +for sth.
[典例3] I _____the coat in the supermarket for 260yuan.
A. cost B. paid C. pent D. bought
解析 D近义词辨析题。用cost,则主谓搭配不当;用pay,则260 yuan作宾语;用spend,则与for 260 yuan搭配不当;应选用buy,其用法和搭配均与句意吻合。
2.关于fit, suit和match
(1)fit作及物动词,表示“适合、配上、合身”。如:
This coat fits her nicely.这件外套非常合适。
The key doesn’t fit the lock,这把钥匙不合这把锁。
(2)作形容词,表示“适合、健康”》常构成be fit for 。如:
He is fit for the job,他适合这份工作。
The water is fit to drink.这水适合喝。
(3)作不及物动词,表示“吻合、合身”。如:
Does the coat fit?这件大衣合身吗?
(4)suit作适合,常强调颜色、款式等适合某人,而fit则强调大小合身。如:
That color doesn’t suit your complexion(肤色)。这颜色不适合你的肤色。
(5)match表示“在(品质、颜色、设计等方面)与……相配”。如:
Carpets should match the curtains.地毯必须与窗帘区配。
[典例2]The red tie you bought doesn’t ______my coat.
A. fit B. fit for C. suit D. match
解析D 近义词辨析题目。fit作及物动词,表示大小合身;作不及物动词,强调“吻合”;作形容词,则须用be fit for; suit 强调“款式合适”,只有match强调“与……匹配”。故选D。
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