1． 提问：对数是如何定义的？ → 指数式与对数式的互化：
A、巴西足球名将贝利在足坛上初露锋芒时，一个记者问他：“你哪一个球踢得最好？”他回答说：“下一个！”而当他在足坛崭露头角，已成为世界著名球王，并踢进一千多个球后，记者又问道：“你哪一个球踢得最好？”他仍然回答：“下一个！”
审题方法：找关键词法。抓住最关键的句子“下一个！”思考，初露锋芒说“下一个”，表现了他的不满现状；而第二次是在踢进了一千多个球，成为举世闻名的球王之后说的，这就更表现了他的永远进取，奋斗拼搏的精神。
B、野兔是一种十分狡猾的动物，缺乏经验的猎手很难捕获到它们。但是一到下雪天，野兔的末日就到了。因为野兔从来不敢走没有自己脚印的路，当它从窝中出来觅食时，它总是小心翼翼的，一有风吹草动就会逃之夭夭。但走过一段路后，如果是安全的，它返回时也会按照原路。猎人就是根据野兔的这一特性，只要找到野兔在雪地上留下的脚印，然后设一个机关，第二天早上就可以收获猎物了。 兔子的致命缺点就是太相信自己走过的路了。
审题方法：找关键词法。关键句“兔子的致命缺点就是太相信自己走过的路”。
立意：走熟悉的路也会摔倒，不能用一成不变的眼光去看待不断变化的世界“别摔在熟悉的路上”
野兔谨小慎微，不敢走新路，不敢创新 不要谨小慎微、敢于走新路、敢于创新
C、某省一扶贫工作团，做了件扶贫实事，向某个贫困山区赠送了一批优良种羊。几个月后去了解情况，村民们说，羊肉的味道很好，请再送些来。
审题方法：以果溯因法。
扶贫 结果 送了优良种羊 村民说羊肉好吃再送些来
原因 村民观念落后，素质不高
扶贫工作治标不治本
立意： “人的素质是第一位的”，“标本兼治，双管齐下”等。
D、枭逢鸠。鸠曰：“子将安之？”枭曰：“我将东徙。”鸠曰：“何故？”枭曰：“乡人皆恶我鸣，以故东徙。”鸠曰：“子能更鸣可矣，不能更鸣，东徙犹恶子之声。”
译文：猫头鹰遇见了斑鸠，斑鸠问它：“你要到哪儿去呀？” 猫头鹰说：“我准备搬到东边去。” 斑鸠问：“为什么呢？” 猫头鹰说：“村里人都讨厌我的叫声，因此我想搬到东边去。” 斑鸠说：“你改变叫声，就可以了。要是不能改变叫声，即使搬到东边去，东边村里人照样讨厌你。”
要求：全面理解材料，但可以选择一个侧面、一个角度构思作文。自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题；不要脱离原材料含意作文，不要套作，不要抄袭。
审题方法：以果溯因法。
结果 枭搬到东边村里人照样讨厌 原因 没有从根本上解决问题
立意 与其改变环境，不如改变自己 治标不如治本
认识到自己的不足，还要找到完善自我的恰当的方法
赢得社会认同，在于完善自己
E、1814年，英国人斯蒂芬逊制造出了世界上第一辆蒸汽机车，当时有人驾着一辆马车和它赛跑，新生的火车丑陋笨重，走得很慢，漂亮的马车骄傲地跑在前面。而且火车由于没有装弹簧，把路基都震坏了。但是斯蒂芬逊并没有因比赛失败而灰心，坚信机车具有马车无法媲美的优越性，他不断实验不断改进，近200年过去了，马车仍按原来的速度转动着轮子，而火车却在飞速发展，高速火车的时速却已超过了300千米，试验性火车速度更加惊人。
方法：以果溯因法
果：火车战胜了马车
因：斯蒂芬逊在比赛失败后没有灰心丧气，而是充满了信心。
斯蒂芬逊失败后进行冷静思考分析，从而获得了新的认识，使火车得以不断改进
火车本身是具有强大生命力的新生事物，开始时虽不完善，但是它扔有巨大的发展前途。
F、深秋，黄叶纷纷从枝头上落下来。有位哲人看到了说：“落叶并非殒落，是胜利凯旋！”
立意：奉献，永恒的美德(道理升华法)
“落叶”是值得赞美的(把握情感倾向法)
G有一只蚂蚁爬墙，六次失败了，可是它还是延原路向上爬，一人说：“多可敬的小蚂蚁。”第二人说：“多么愚蠢的蚂蚁。”第三人说：“多么可悲的小蚂蚁。”你怎么认为？
无情感倾向，找关键词句，可写“持之以恒”，可写“变一条路”，但是写“变通与坚持”更好。
(一)结合下面三个材料，进行审题立意
1、近朱者赤,近墨者黑;
2、橘生淮南则为橘,生于淮北则为枳
3、一傅众咻(一人教导，众人吵闹，难以学好)
立意：客观环境条件影响着事物的发展
1、找关键词句法
洛伦兹是一位著名的物理学家，相对论的核心之一？--洛伦兹变换方程便是他的杰作。然而，当发现这与牛顿的绝对时空观相矛盾时，他茫然了，因为那是经典，不容置疑。一年之后，爱因斯坦走到这里时也遇到了同样的问题，所不同的是，爱因斯坦毫无顾忌地冲破了牛顿力学的束缚，赋予洛伦兹变换方程以全新的物理涵义，从而导致相对论的诞生。
关键词句：“经典，不容置疑”“毫无顾忌地冲破了牛顿力学的束缚”
洛伦兹：迷信权威，可能与成功擦肩而过
爱因斯坦：适当的怀疑是智者的火炬
2、以果溯因法
螃蟹在树林里迷了路。遇到青蛙，问道：“青蛙哥哥，到河边去，怎么走？”青蛙指着前面说：“你一直往前走，一会儿就会到达河边。” 螃蟹走了老半天，还是没走到河边，后来，螃蟹遇见了青蛙，指责到：“你害得我好苦，走了老半天还是没有见到河的影子。”青蛙说：“我没有骗你！叫你一直往前走，你却横着爬，当然到不了河边。”
果：螃蟹走了老半天，还是没走到河边
因：青蛙指着前面说：“你一直往前走。”螃蟹横着爬。
对别人的意见不要盲从
螃蟹
接受别人好的意见的同时也要结合自己的实际情况
青蛙 帮助别人要多站在别人的角度想问题
综合 误会源于错误的沟通
3、提炼本质法
这种方法就是抓住材料所反映的本质性的问题去立意。这种方法适用于平实的叙述性材料。这类材料没有明显的是非曲直，所表达的中心也不含蓄，就靠我们提炼出一个带哲理性的观点。
1987年，75位诺贝尔奖金获得者在巴黎集会。有人问一位诺贝尔获奖者：您在哪所学校，哪个实验室学到了您认为最有价值的东西？出人意料，这位学者说，是在幼儿园。“在幼儿园学到什么呢？”学者答：“把自己的东西分一半给小伙伴，不是自己的东西不要拿；东西要放整齐；做错了事要表示歉意；吃饭前要洗手；午饭后要休息；要仔细观察大自然。从根本上我学到的东西就是这些。”这位学者的话代表了科学家的普遍看法。
从小养成良好的品质和习惯，使人终生受益
观点：
做学问与做人
4、道理升华法
这种方法适用于比较含蓄的隐喻型材料，寓言，带有哲理性的自然现象。1990年高考作文材料提供的是法国寓言《小姑娘与玫瑰园》，2003年的《智子疑邻》都属于这一类型，分析这类材料，就要揭示蕴涵在材料中的那个“理”，然后再将这个道理的适用范围扩大化。
漫画中，在那么一种简单、划一、削足适履的教育方法之下，老师不必运用自己的智慧，学生也只有成为千孔一面的泥塑木偶的份！你看，那两个拇指轻轻一按，学生就只有就范，就只有成为“统一面”似的“合格产品”了。
评议千篇一律的让我们反感的教育
观点：
憧憬让我们张扬个性、自由飞翔的理想的教育
5、同异互求法
这种方法就是把几个不同材料的某一共同点提出来，加以概括提炼，作为文章的论点。这种方法首先适用于相似排列的多元式材料。
(一)三性
1．整体性原则：新出来作文的审题要有全局意识，要从材料的整体着眼，不能纠缠局部的细节，否则很有可能出现偏题走题现象。
2．多向性原则：一般来说，新材料作文中材料所蕴涵的观点并不是唯一的，从不同的角度可以得到不同的结论，因此，要学会多角度审视材料。
3．筛选性原则：因为我们从材料中获得的观点具有多样性，因此，在进入写作时对所得到的观点还要进行适当的筛选。筛选的原则：
①服从材料的整体；②观点可能比较新颖；③自己有话可说。
新材料作文顾名思义是在材料作文基础上发展起来的一种新的作文样式，这种命题形式从本质上讲，是材料作文，但又不限制文体，保持了话题作文的开放性“三自”，这就是称之为新材料作文的原因。它不同于话题作文的地方是：它给定材料，但不给定话题，话题作文的材料是为了引出“话题”，作文围绕“话题”范围展开，材料可用可不用；新材料作文则要求全面理解材料，但可以选择一个侧面、一个角度构思作文，既是说要从材料中提炼观点而不是话题，有的学生误解为话题，如广一模的材料作文，有学生从材料中引出话题“环境”，文章谈环境污染问题，那就是离题作文了。
新材料作文的审题要“三性四清”。“三性”为审题的原则，“四清”为审题的要点。
4. 只能使用价值个句子表达全部的内容。
广东高考英语卷基础写作指导(系列2)
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高考英语基础写作指导(II) 第二讲 记叙文：如何叙事？ 一、写作指导 叙事类记叙文通常要将时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果等六个要素交代清楚。好的记叙文具有描述事件具体、人物逼真形象、故事生动感人、材料表现中心和写作主旨明确等特征。高考英语基础写作中的叙事类短文也需要具有记叙文写作的一般特点，但要求相对比较低，其考查重点在语言运用正确、句子连贯通顺、信息点表述完整等方面。写作时要注意以下几个方面的问题： 1. 严格按照基础写作的要求完成各个信息点，不要为了文章的生动而随意添加信息。 2. 信息点的表述不要完全按照题目所给的顺序，要适当重组信息点。 3. 记叙文写作的时态多数是用一般过去时，但也要注意灵活运用其它时态。 4. 叙事类记叙文的话题通常和中学生的生活阅历有关，如校园生活、旅游、交通、交友等，平时要注意积累这些方面的词汇和短语。 二、常用语句 1. 表达时间 a long time ago, at six o’clock in the morning, at the end of, at the weekend, before he came here, by the end of last term, during the summer holidays, in a few years’ time, in the past, in the old days, in the past ten years, in August 2002, in winter vacation, in weekdays, last month, next week, on Sunday morning, on October 1st, since early in the 20th century, so far, up to now, not…until, while , etc. 2. 表达地点 at the crossing, at the end of the street, at the airport, at the village, at the foot of the mountain, at the bottom, at the top of, be located in, behind the park, be situated in, five kilometers to the north of Guangzhou, in the south of Guangdong Province, in the middle of the park, in Class 3 Grade 2, in the front of the bus, in front of the bus, in the tree, in Guangdong, in China, lies to the west of Sichuan, onthe other side of the street, on both sides of the road,on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean ,on the right, etc. 3. 表达因果 as, as a result, because, because of, for, in the end, cause, result in, consequently, originate from, since, so, therefore, It is clear that… , It turns out to be… , The primary reason is … , etc. 4. 事件话题 (1)学校生活及学习成绩 be active in class, be interested in, be interesting to sb., be fond of, be good at ,be poor at , be tired of one’s work, be weak in, do one’s homework, do sports after school,do well in; education for all-round development(素质教育), examination-oriented education system(应试教育), fail in the test, get a doctor’s degree, get on well with English, get an “A” in the exam, get 90 marks for English, give sb. a passing grade, have a good command of the language, have eight classes every day, help with each other, lay a good foundation in, learn…by heart, major in history, make friends with sb., make progress in, put one’s heart into, pass the examination, study in groups, succeed in doing sth., take an active part in the activity,take several courses at school, work out a problem, work on a maths problem , work hard at, etc. (2)师生关系及其活动 be friendly to sb., be kind to sb, be a strict teacher, be strict with one’s pupils, be strict in one’s work, be satisfied with , blame sb. for sth, correct the students’ homework carefully, devote all one’s time to work, form a good habit of, get on wellwith sb, give advice on, give sb a lot of work , help sb with sth, make one’s lessonslively and interesting, praise sb for sth., prepare for tomorrow’s lesson, question sb on, teach sb. English , teach sb how to do sth., etc. (3)课余活动及周末生活 do some reading, enjoy a family trip, enjoy doing sth., go swimming, go for an outing, go to the cinema, have an outing at the seashore, have a swim, have dances on weekends, have a picnic at the weekend, have a party, hold a sports meeting, Internet bar, net friend, online love affair(网恋), play the piano, play chess (basketball), see the sights of Beijing, spend one’s time in many different ways, teach in a family, etc. (4)交通情况 a big traffic jam, a traffic accident, be very crowded in the street, be seriously injured, by bus (train / ship / boat), drive a car, flight No. 2130, in a small boat, give sb. a lift, keep right, lie on the street, meet sb. at the station, on the bus (train),on board, on one’s way to London, on the journey, one way only , pick up sb., ride a bike, ride a horse , see sb. off at the airport, self-service ticket , take a flight to New York, traffic light, travel through China, turn right, etc. (5)度假旅游 New Year’s Day, Women’s Day, May Day, Youth Day, Children’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Mid-Autumn Day, National Day, valentine’s Day, the Spring Festival, a hot spot, a place of interest, a tourist destination, a five-star hotel, a good restaurant, a return ticket, a single ticket, a city with a long history, a quiet village, a three-day tour, an experienced guide, Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, beautiful scenery, in peak tourist seasons, natural attraction, on one’s way to France, on the back way , one of the great wonders of the world, spend one’s holidays on the sea , the 11th Asian Games, travel agency, the tour route, the inner-ring road, travel to England, the Great Wall , the Summer Place , Zhongshan Park , etc. (6)环境保护 a good environment, area pollution, air pollution, air quality standard, Antarctic Circle, atmospheric chemistry, a heavy rain, a heavy snow, be polluted, be hot, be cold, be cool, be cloudy, be rainy, be sunny, be flooded, climate, carbon dioxide(CO2), chemical change, chemical cleaning of coal, climate change, dirty, drought, dry, flood, early warning system, environmental behavior, environmental quality, feel comfortable, global warming, minus 20 degrees centigrade(-20°), 30 degrees above zero(30°)，sea level, warning center, wastes, water surface , water treatment, water pollution control, weather, windstorm , etc. 三、典型例文 参考范文： Dear Jane, I am very glad to tell you something about our school, Guangdong No. 3 Middle school. It lies in a small town about 15 kilometres away from the sea and it has a history of over 80 years. Our school, covering an area of nearly 150 thousand square meters, has more than 200 teachers and 3000 senior students It has three teaching buildings and six dormitory buildings, with many flowers and tall trees all around, so it’s very beautiful. In our school we learn Chinese, maths, science, English, computer,PE, arts and some other subjects. We warmly welcome you to visit our school in the summer holidays. Best wishes. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 参考范文： A brief Introduction of the Chinese Spring Festival The Chinese Spring Festival comes on the first day of the Chinese Lunar Year, which is usually in February. There is a name for each year, such as the dog, the monkey, the tiger or one of the twelve animals, and this year is the year of the pig. Before the New Year’s Day, the Chinese people usually give their houses a good cleaning and on the last evening of the old year, all the members of a family will get together and have a big meal. On the first or second day of the new year, peopleusually go to visit their relatives and friends and give some lucky money to children. I wish you have a good time during the Spring Festival. 参考范文 1.On July 27th 2007, Friday, we 18 classmates, including John from Britain, Sinba from India and Keith from the USA, went to Lee Farm to help the farmers. We started off at 8 o’clock in the morning, and after an hour’s ride on the bus, we walked for another 15 minutes. Lee Farm is about 60 kilometres northwest to our school. A few days ago it was hit by a strong tornado, and many apples were blown onto the ground, so we helped to pick up the apples and put the good ones in the baskets.We felt very tired after the work, but all of us thought it was a great help to the farmers. 2. Last Wednesday I gave a lecture about China’s culture and history to the 7th students from 9-11:30 in the morning. This is the first time I gave a lesson, so I felt very nervous and great pressure. I presented for one and a half hours, introducing from the dynasties in ancient times to the revolutionary in recent times, but I spent a lot more time on present China, the renovation, the open policy and the economic development. In the following hour we exchanged ideas and had a good discussion, but I was sorry to find that they knew little about China and raised a lot of strange questions. I think we need more cultural exchange of this kind, because we can get more practice and the foreign students can understand more about China. |
广东高考英语卷基础写作指导(系列3)
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第三讲 如何写图表类说明文
一、写作指导
图表类作文一直是高考的热点，其体裁可以是记叙文、议论文或说明文。本篇介绍如何备考图表类说明文。
图表类说明文要求根据图示、表格等所给的信息，通过定义、描述、数字对比和分类比较等方式，介绍图表所显示对象的特征，如形状、构造、性质、变化、功能、因果和方位等。图表类说明文常见的话题有：产品介绍、地点描述、方位描写、观点对比、变化分析、购物指南和操作说明等。写作这类文章需注意以下几点：
1． 正确解读表格，不能添加或遗漏信息。
2． 写作内容要条理清楚，层次分明。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法和因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时空次序法与分类法等。
3． 说明文的语言要简练，用词要准确，避免夸张华丽的辞藻。
4． 时态常用一般现在时，语态常用被动语态，有时用虚拟语气。
二、常用句型
1. 介绍产品
The company has modern equipment and lots of senior
experts.
This kind of product contains much top and new
technique.
It’s convenient to carry and easy to operate.
It’s about six feet long and nine feet high.
It cost me 100 yuan to buy this dictionary.
2. 介绍学校
There were many subjects in our school, such as
Chinese, history, drawing and so forth.
Our school is located at the foot of a green hill.
In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain
with many colored flowers around it.
In front of the school is a beautiful garden with a
library on its left and a laboratory on its right.
At the back of the school are the students’ dormitory
and the dinning-hall, in front of which lies the large sports field.
The teacher’s dormitory stands between the teaching
building and the students’ dormitory.
3． 行路指引
It is not very difficult to find your way from the
Dongfang Hotel to the railway station.
When you get out of the station, turn left and walk
down the street until you see the traffic lights.
Turn right at the third turning, and you will see a
post office at the corner.
Go eastward and you will see the museum opposite to the
library.
Bus No.2 will take you right there.
It will take you about 10 minutes to get there by
subway.
4． 介绍地方
Tiananmen Square, the largest square in the world,
covers an area of one million square metres.
Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, lies in
the south of China.
It has an area of 10,000 square kilometers with a
population of over 2 million.
It is rich in natural sources, such as coal, oil and
gold.
The weather is neither too cold in winter nor too hot
in summer.
Built in the18th century, the tower has witnessed too
much coming and going in history.
5． 新旧对比
Our hometown used to be a beautiful place, with thick
trees and green grass everywhere.
Nowadays some students cannot go to college because of
high tuition fees.
Great changes have taken place in the past few years.
It is known to us all that the living standard of the
Chinese people has greatly improved. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in the past. 6． 数量表达 Output is up 30% last year. Unemployment more than doubled in 1996. The population here is increasing year by year. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. From the table we can see that the world population is increasing rapidly. The latest survey shows that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provides them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills. Statistics show a 20% rise (reduction) in traffic accidents compared with last year. Bicycle can’t be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort. 三、实例分析 [例文1]父母为子女选择小学的情况调查 最近学校研究性学习小组对3000多名年轻的父母做了一个调查，调查主题、结果等内容如下表所示，请用英文给校英文广播站写一篇简介，介绍调查的情况。 写作要求： 1． 简介必须包括图表所给的全部内容； 2． 只能使用5个句子。 参考范文： Recently a survey was done to investigate what parents care most in choosing primary schools. The survey shows that location is the key factor in choosing schools for their children-half of those interviewed said that being close to their homes was the most important factor in their choice. Teaching quality came second, with nearly 40% of the parents worrying about their children’s future career. The survey also shows that one-tenth of them expect that schools have advanced facilities. More than 3,000 parents were surveyed in the research. [例文 2]楼盘介绍 假设暑假你到某楼盘打工，正好有几名外国客人想买一套公寓楼，公寓楼及其周边的一些基本信息如下。请书面用英文向这几位客人介绍一下这套公寓楼。 写作要求： 1． 简介必须包括图表所给的全部内容； 2． 只能使用5个句子。 3． 参考词汇：公寓楼 apartment 公寓单间 flat 参考范文： The flat has 110 square metres, with one sitting-room, three bedrooms, one bathroom and one kitchen. Facing south, it is quite bright in the rooms at daytime. Not far away from the apartment there is a supermarket, a clinic, a kindergarten and a bus-stop. The bus can access the subway directly. The price for the flat is about 6000RMB per square metre. 四、即时训练 [练习1]简介我国高等教育的发展情况 假设你在政府部门见习，请根据以下图标的信息，向几位到访外国客人询问你所在城市的教育发Z展情况。 写作要求： 1． 简介必须包括图标所给的全部内容； 2． 只能使用5个句子。 3． 参考词汇：打基础 lay foundation 改革开放 reform and opening up [练习2]中学生使用媒体情况调查 假设你参加了一个网上国际中学生调查项目，调查13－20岁的年青人每周使用媒体的时间情况。请根据下面的图表信息，用英文写一篇简介。 写作要求： 1． 简介必须包括图标所给的全部内容； 2． 只能使用5个句子。 参考范文 练习1 As we can see from the chart, our city’s education is developing very fast. There were only about one thousand students when New China was founded in 1949, and ten thousand in 1978, while the number reached eighty thousand in 2007. Several factors have contributed to the quick development. Firstly, the rapid economic development in our city, especially during the thirty years of reform and opening up, has laid a sound foundation. Secondly, the government has been trying hard to encourage the development of education, and thirdly, most people have begun to realize the importance of education. 练习2 Recently we did a surway about media consumption by teens and young adults in their spare time. According to the research, teens and young adults consume many different types of media, but the Internet surpasses them all in the amount of time spent. Most of the students spend ten hours in an average week, and watching TV comes second, with five hours. The other ways of time spent are as follows: four hours reading newspapers and magazines, three hours talking on the phone and two hours listening to the radio. It’s a pity that they only spend one hour in reviewing textbooks in their free time. |
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