2、 语法性的倒装
A→各种疑问句的倒装
例:1)Are you against the plan?
2)What do you like best?
●注意:但如果主语是由一个疑问词表示的或修饰的,语序不变。
例:1)Who did it? (疑问词who是主语,语序不变仍为主语who+谓语did)
2)How many students in your school joined the army ?
(分析:主语students由how many修饰,语序不变。)
B→there be句型中的倒装
在此句型中,主语总是在谓语之后,无论是在陈述句中还是疑问句中。
例:1)There were no school or hospitals there before.
2)Is there any ink in the bottle?
C→直接引语中的倒装
a. 直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时,它的主语(说话人)和谓语(引述动词)常要倒装。
b. 但当主语是代词或谓语动词含有助动词时,一般不倒装。
c. 另外,如果谓语比主语长,或是它后面有宾语时,一般也不倒装。
例:1)“Will you please carry it for you”? said the old man
2)“Please do me a favour”, he said.
3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him.” said Tom.
4)“I am hungry”,she had said.
D→省略if的虚拟语气条件句中的倒装
If引导的虚拟语气,条件句中如含有助动词were, should和had时,可以使用倒装。
句型:were/should/had+主语+……
=if+主语+were/should/had……
当if省略时,助动词were, should和had要倒装到主语前去;而if不省略时,主语和助动词用正常语序。
例:1)Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.
=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.
2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.
=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.
3)Had you my troubles, you would despair.
=If you had my troubles, you would despair.
E→so,nor,neither用于句首时的倒装
当so,nor,neither用于句首,说明前面一句话中谓语表示的情况也适用于另外一个人或物时,句子要用倒装。
|
含义 |
用法 |
倒装句型 |
so |
也 |
用于肯定句 |
So+be(have;助动词或情态动词)+主语 |
nor/ neither |
也不,也没有 |
用于否定句 |
Neither/nor+be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语 |
例:1) A: I have had my breakfast.
B: So have I.
2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages.
B: So can I.
3)A: Will you go home this weekend?
B: After that we never saw her again.
4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.
F→as 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装
形容词 名词(不带冠词) |
+as+主语+系动词be,主语+动词
副词/实义动词 +as+主语+动词,主语+动词
分别叙述如下:
句型一:形容词+as+主语+系动词be
例:1)Young as he is,he knows a lot of things.
=Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things.
=He is young but he knows a lot of things.
句型二:名词(不带冠词)+as+主语+系动词be
例:1)King as he is,he is unhappy.
=Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy.
=He is a king, but he is unhappy.
2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.
=Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.
句型三:副词+as+主语+动词
1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.
=Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it.
=I like it much, but I won’t buy it.
2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him.
句型四:实义动词+as+主语+助动词
1)Try as she does, she will never find it.
=She tries but she will never find it.
2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy.
▲3.修辞性的倒装(常考内容)
除了语法性倒装之外,有些倒装是由于修辞的原因而采用的,叫做修辞性倒装。
A→否定词放在句首时的倒装
句型:否定词+助动词/be动词+主语
▲常见放在句首的否定词
By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration,
under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示决不
barely 简直没有 hardly 几乎不 scarcely 几乎不
never 从不 rarely 很少 little 几乎没有;一点也不
seldom 很少 only 只有 not 不,没有
not…until… 直到…才… nowhere 没有地方,无处
not a bit 一点也不 not only…but also… 不但…而且…
例:1)Barely does he have enough money to live on.
=He barely has enough money to live on.
2) By no means is translation easy.
=Translation is by no means easy.
3)Little did I think that I would lose the game.
=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.
(注:这里not at all=little 译为:一点也不)
在上面表格所列到的否定词中,有几个词是强调两个动作的紧密相接,说明如下:
a. hardly…when… 一…就…
例:Hardly did he see me when he ran away.
=As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
b. scarcely…when… 一…就…
例:Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.
c. no sooner…than… 一…就…
例:No sooner had they reached home than it rained.
=It rained as soon as they reached home.
d. not only…but also… 不但…而且…
例:1)No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.
=I not only made a promise, but (also)I kept it.
2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.
B→副词(短语)放在句首时的倒装
以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副词(短语)为首的句子中,要倒装以表示特别强调的语气。例:
1)Then came the time we had been looking for ward to.
=The time we had been looking forward to came then.
2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.
=Summer begins in June, July and August came then.
3) Out rushed the boy.
4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties.
5) 比较: He was very angry. He didn’t say a word.
He was very angry. Not a word did he say.
6)比较: I shall never be late for school.
Never again shall I be late for school.
C→only+副词在句首时的倒装
Only+副词/副词短语/状语从句+助动词/be+主语
例:1)Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.
I realized I made such a big mistake only then.
2) Only in this way can you worked it out.
3) Only when one loses health does one know its value.
4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.
=When he got home he knew what happened to his father.
D→频度副词在句首时的倒装
频度副词always, often, once出现在句首时,句子要倒装。
例:1)Often did we warn them not to do so.
2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.
=We will always remember the importance of the meeting.
Summary:主语和谓语的顺序分为两种:
自然语序:主语+谓语
倒装语序:谓语+主语
1、 部分倒装和全部倒装
我们通常使用的语序是自然语序,即主语在前,谓语在后,但有时谓语的全部或一部分提到主语的前面,即采用倒装语序。倒装的原因,或是语法结构的需要,或是为了强调。
A→部分倒装
部分倒装是谓语中的一部分(如:助动词、情态动词或系动词be)放在主语前面,其余部分仍放在主语后面。
例:ⅰ)Only in this way can we work at the physics problem.(情态动词)
ⅱ)Never had he had any experience like that.(助动词)
ⅲ)Not only is he a singer,but also he is a dancer.(系动词)
B→全部倒装
全部倒装是句子中没有助动词,情态动词或系动词be时,要把谓语动词放在主语的前面。
例:Here comes the bus.
Up went the arrow in to the sky.
The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.
● 例外:这时如果主语是人称代词,则主谓不倒装。
例:Here he comes.
Here you are. 给你
Here we are. 我们到了
▲ 重点:在英语中,从形式上可分为部分倒装和全部倒装,我们为了使于理解,还可以把它分为语法性倒装。这是由于语法上的需要而必须倒装的句子,还有一种是修饰性倒装,顾名思义,这些句子如果不是特意加以强调,可以不必倒装。
2、 状语的语序
在句子中如果同时有时间状语和地点状语时,先地点后时间:地点状语→时间状语,这和汉语中状语的语序不同,汉语是先时间后地点。
例:Ⅰ)My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.
Ⅱ)At the airport last night two events take place.
Ⅲ)I stayed there for 3 weeks last year.
在英语中,一般常见的语序为“主语+谓语+宾语”,此语序与汉语基本相同,但定语在句子的位置,中文和英文略有差异,下面举例说明:
1、 定语的语序
(1)当定语是单词或动词–ing 形式时,在英语中多将定语放在被修饰的前面,与汉语相同。
例:He is a naughty boy. (形容词)
(2)当定语是短语或定语从句时,其中短语包括:介词短语,分词短语,不定式短语,放在修饰词的后面。
例: I)She had a basket (full of apples) (短语)
II) The boy (who is sleeping) is my little brother. (定语从句)
III)The students(in the room)are from Asia.(介词短语)
(3)当定语是副词或某些过去分词时,放在所修饰词后面。
例:I) The women (here) are for you.(副词)
II) I like the books (written) by him.(过去分词)
(三)中国古代人口变动的因素有
第一, 国家多人身控制的程度;
第二,与疆域的增缩和统治范围的变化有关。
第三,与封建统治的深化有关,统治稳固时,人口统计相对真实,隐匿人口现象减少。
第四,与社会经济的发展和人口观念有关系。
例题训练
清初是我国封建社会的衰落时期,又是我国历史上著名的“康乾盛世”,应如何认识这种“衰落”与“盛世”的关系?概括“衰落”的具体表现,分析盛世局面形成的原因。
(二)中国史籍中保留了极为丰富的人口资料。
先秦时约在一、二千万左右;西汉平帝时约五千九百余万;
东汉初两千七百余万;东汉中期约五千万;
唐初一千万;开元时期五千万;
明朝永乐时期四千五百万;清初三千万;清乾隆初年一亿四千万;道光时期四亿一千万。
其发展趋势呈周期性变动,人口增长呈马鞍型,其频率和王朝盛衰、更替相同。
(一)人口对于自然经济下的中国有着极为重要的意义。
人力是当时生产力的主体,是小农经济的支撑。人丁,是封建国家赋役制度的具体承担者。
人口的多寡和国土的多少一样,是当时社会的治乱、国力盛衰的标志。
但是,到了清朝,由于摊丁入亩、战乱减少等原因,人口急剧增加,带来严重的社会问题。如人多地少,盲目垦荒,造成严重的水土流失和洪涝灾害。这一后果一直影响到现在。
(二)封建经济处在渐趋衰退的历史状态中,但封建经济占主导地位。清初统治者逐步调整统治政策,对农业、手工业发展起了一定作用。使封建经济得到进一步发展。
原因:调整统治政策--一条鞭法;鼓励垦荒,更名田;摊丁入亩
特点:边疆地区得到开发,农业结构变化显著;商业空前繁荣;对外贸易逐渐停滞。
我国赋役制度的变革
比较明朝一条鞭法和清朝的摊丁入亩,其相同点和不同点分别说明了什么?
相同点:都征收银两,都简化了税收项目和手续。
说明:明朝后期以来,白银成为普遍流通的货币,商品经济的发展要求税制简单便捷。
不同点:一条鞭法既量地又计丁,没有废除人头税。摊丁入亩把丁银摊入田赋,废除了人头税。
说明:封建社会末期农民的封建依附关系逐渐削弱。
中国古代的人口问题
(一)资本主义萌芽--是指资本主义生产关系的萌芽,它的出现,会促使封建社会逐渐瓦解。
明朝中后期,中国资本主义萌芽在江南一带产生,但受到明清两代封建经济严重压抑和阻碍,中国资本主义萌芽只能缓慢发展。
条件:农业的发展;手工业的进步和商品经济的空前繁荣
明朝
标志:机户出资,机工出力的现象出现
资本主义萌芽及其发展
清朝 发展:规模更大;分工更细;行业更多
特点:不占主导地位;发展缓慢
分析资本主义萌芽缓慢发展的原因
第一,封建的经济基础非常顽固。由于地主制经济的存在,封建地租很重,农民极端贫困,无力从市场上购买手工业品,影响了手工业的扩大再生产。又由于小农业和家庭手工业紧密结合的小农经济阻碍社会分工,对独立手工业和资本主义萌芽起着限制作用。
第二,封建上层建筑的反作用。封建政府为巩固政治统治,必然要采取维护封建经济基础的措施:重农抑商,闭关锁国,设立关卡征收重税,限制手工工业的规模,残酷剥削农民等。
第三,建立在封建土地所有制基础上的旧的经济观念,使地主、商人、高利贷者在其构成的三位一体的剥削体系中,互相转化,很少投资于手工业。(以末致富,以本守之)
根本原因:腐朽的封建制度严重阻碍了生产力发展。
关于中国古代两种经济形式的分析
两种经济形式是什么?--资本主义萌芽和自然经济
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