解:(1)4.5+7.8×2.5÷1.3
=4.5+7.8÷1.3×2.5,
=4.5+6×2.5,
=4.5+15,
=19.5;
(2)75×60%+4×
+0.6
=75×0.6+4×0.6+0.6,
=(75+4+1)×0.6,
=80×0.6,
=48;
(3)3×(
+
)-
=
×3+
×3-
,
=
-
+
,
=
;
(4)3.4×99+3.4
=(99+1)×3.4,
=100×3.4,
=340;
(5)12.5×3.2×2.5
=12.5×0.8×4×2.5,
=12.5×0.8×(4×2.5),
=10×10,
=100;
(6)12×(
+
-
)
=12×
+12×
-12×
,
=3+10-8,
=5;
(7)
-
x=
-
x-
+
x=
-
+
x,
=
x,
x
=
,
x=
;
(8)x:
=36:18
18x=36×
,
18x=4,
18x÷18=4÷18,
x=
分析:算式(1)可根据乘法交换律计算;
算式(2)、(4)、(6)可根据乘法分配律进行计算;
算式(3)可根据乘法分配律及加法交换律计算;
算式(5)可将3.2拆分为0.8×4后再根据乘法结合律计算;
算式(7)可根据等式的性质解方程:等式两边同时加上、减去、乘以、除以相同的数,等式仍然成立;
算式(8)可根据比例的基本性质(比例的两外项之积等于两内项之积)及等式的性质进行计算.
点评:在解方程与解比例时,计算过程要注意等号的对齐.