Language learning begins with listening．Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often long listeners．Most children will“obey”spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word“obey”is hardly exact as a description of the eager and delighted co operation(合作)usually shown by the child．Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gestures and by making questioning noises．

　　Any attempt to study the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties．It's agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particular expression like delight, pain, friendliness and so on．But since these can't be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language．It is agreed too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new words to their store．This self-imitation(自我模仿)leads out to deliberate(有意的)imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people．The problem then arises to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech．

　　It is a problem we need to get our teeth into．The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation and it is clear that what a child means by a word will．change as he gains more experience of the world．Thus the use, at seven months, of“mama”as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply because he also uses it at another time for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes．Playful and meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself．I doubt, however, whether anything is gained when parents take advantage of his ability in an attempt to teach new words．

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　　In order to know a foreign language thoroughly(完全地), four things are necessary．First, we must understand the language when we hear it spoken．Secondly, we must be able to speak it ourselves, correctly with confidence(自信)and without hesitation(犹豫)．Thirdly, we must be able to write it．We must be able to make sentences that are correct in grammar．

　　There is no short way to succeed in language learning．A good memory(记忆)is a great help, but it is not enough only to memorize the rules from a grammar book．It is no much use learning by heart long lists(一览表)of words and their meanings, studying the dictionary and so on．We must learn by using the language．If we are pleased with a few rules we have memorized, we are not really learning the language．We must“Learn through use”．Practice is important．We must practise speaking and writing the language whenever(无论何时)we can．

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　　It is difficult for parents of nearly every family to teach their children to be responsible(有责任的)for housework, but with one of the following suggestions, you really can get your children to help at home．

　　If you give your children the impression that they can never do anything quite right, then they will regard themselves as unfit or unable persons．Unless children believe they can succeed, they will never become totally independent．

　　My daughter Carla's fifth-grade teacher made every child in her class feel special．When students received less than a perfect test score, she would point out what they had mastered and declared firmly they could learn what they had missed．

　　You can use the same technique when you evaluate(评价)your child's work at home．Don't always scold and give lots of praise instead．Talk about what he has done right, not about what he hasn't done．If your child completes a difficult task, promise him a Sunday trip or a ball game with Dad．

　　Learning is a process(过程)of trying and failing and trying and succeeding．If you teach your children not to fear a mistake of failure, they will learn faster and achieve success at last．

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　　We are often asked to make a speech in life．Most of us are afraid of it and don't do a good job．Here are some simple steps to make your speech a successful one．First of all, find out everything you can about your subject and at the same time find out as much as you can about your audience(听众)．Who are they?What do they know about your subject?Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech．Then try to arrange(安排)your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow．Use as many examples as possible．Never forget your audience．

　　Don't talk over their heads or talk down to them．When you are giving your speech, speak slowly and clearly and look at your audience．Pause for a few seconds from time to time to give your audience chance to think over what you've said．Just remember：be prepared, know your subject and your audience, say what you have to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together．

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　　Ray Charles was born on September 23rd, 1930 into a poor family in Georgia, U．S．A．His father was a railwayman who had to travel a lot, so Ray was brought up mainly by his mother, who, though not very well educated, was full of common sense．When he went blind after a serious sickness at the age of seven, it was his mother who helped him to face up to the situation．She told him he was blind, not stupid, and that he had lost his eyes but not his mind, she made him sweep floors and chop wood to show him he was by no means helpless．She used to tell him that some day she would not be there to help him, and that then he would have to look after himself．

　　Soon after he went blind, Ray began to take an interest in music．A neighbour showed him how to play simple tunes on the piano, and he had a love for the music he heard, played and sung in the local church．In the blind school the schoolteachers encouraged him to study a variety of instruments．Then, one more blow came．His mother died suddenly, and Ray, who loved her deeply, was so shocked that for two weeks he was unable to eat．It was another neighbour who finally managed to persuade him that his mother would have wanted him to go on, and reminded him of how she had believed in him．When his father died a year later, Ray knew he was strong enough to keep going on his own．

　　Between the ages of fifteen and seventeen, Ray worked with bands in Florida, but in 1948, while still only seventeen, he decided that there wasn't much future for him there and decided to go to Seattle, in the north-west of the U．S．A．

　　Ray arrived in Seattle and went to a small hotel to sleep．When he woke up, he was hungry．It was two o'clock in the morning, and everywhere was closed．Ray managed to find a small club and knocked on the door．A man on the door said they had no food, but“we've got a talent night on here,”he added．Ray saw his chance and told the man he could play the piano and sing．The man tried to discourage him, but he was finally guided to the piano and sang a song．As he came off the stand, a man stopped him and said,“I'm from the Elks Club．I think you've got a weekend job．”That was Tuesday．By Friday he was working regularly, and after that he never looked back．It was the beginning of his climb to stardom．

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　　The story begins in 1801．Mr．Lockwood has rented a house in Yorkshire, so he goes to visit his new landlord, Mr．Heathcliff, at his house on the moors nearby, Wuthering Heights．He is not welcomed and the house is full of frightening dogs, but he decides to return the following afternoon, although a snowstorm is beginning．

　　This time he is met by an old servant, Joseph, and a beautiful young woman．He thinks she is Heathcliff's wife, but she does not invite him to tea, and when Heathcliff comes in, asks his permission before pouring Lockwood a cup．When Lockwood mistakes her for Heathcliff's wife, he is told she is his daughter-in-law, so he supposes she is married to a rough young man who has come in and is sitting silently in the background．This makes the young man angry, and Heathcliff says he is not his son．No one makes the mystery clear, so Lockwood asks for help to find the way home．Since no one will do anything for him, he takes a lantern to light his way over the moors but is attacked by the dogs．Heathcliff just laughs, but the maid Zillah, rescues him and puts him in a bedroom in, the house without telling her master．

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　　The world is known to us through many senses, not just hearing, smell, sight, and at close range, taste and touch．

　　Our skins let us know whether the air is wet or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery(滑)．From the right pressure, we can know how deep a finger is pushed into water at body temperature, even if the finger is in a rubber glove that keeps file skin completely dry．Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment．Often they do so without employing any of the five senses．

　　By examining the abilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realize that a human being has far more possibilities than those are made use of．We give not enough care to ever so many of our senses in paying particular attention to the five major ones．At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitations of each sense．The part of the spectrum(光谱)seen by color conscious(意识的)man as red is non-existent for honey-bees．But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet(紫外线)to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating(刺激的)part of the insects spectrum, and, for honey-bees at least, makes up a separate color．

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　　In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business．But he was not a good artist．So he invented a very simple cameras．He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard．That was the first photograph．

　　The next important date in the history!of photography was 1837．That year, Daguerre, another French, took a picture of his studio．He used a new kind of camera and a different process．In his pictures, you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest details．This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype．

　　Soon, other people began to use Daguerre's process．Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world．People photographed famous buildings, cities and mountains．

　　In about 1840, the process was improved．Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things．The process was not simple．The photographers had to carry lots of films and processing equipment．But this did not stop the photographers, especially in the United States．After 1840s daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities．

　　Mathew Brady was a well-known American photo-grapher．He took many pictures of famous people．The pictures were unusual because they were very life-like and full of personality(个性)．

　　Brady was also the first person to take pictures of war．His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities．They made the war seem more real and more terrible．

　　In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography…Photographers could buy films readymade in rolls(卷)．So they did not have to make the film themselves．Also, they did not have to process the film immediately．They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later meaning that they did not have to carry lots of equipment．And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive．

　　With the small camera, anyone could be a photographer．People began to use cameras just for fun．They took pictures of their families, friends and favorite places．They called these pictures“snapshot”．

　　Photographs became very popular in newspapers in the 1890s．Soon magazines and books also used documentary photographs．These pictures showed true events and people．They were much more real than drawing．

　　Photography also turned into a form of art by the end of the 10th century．Some photographs were not just copies of the real world．They showed ideas and feelings, like other art forms．

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　　ARIEL, West Bank：A suicide bomber blew up near Israeli soldiers outside a Jewish settlement in the West Bank yesterday, killing at least three people and wounding about 30 others, the settlement's mayor and rescue workers said．

　　“A suicide bomber came and there were many soldiers…and he blew himself up．”said Ron Nachman, mayor of the settlement of Ariel．“Soldiers were among the casualties．”People on the spot said the bomber blew up after soldiers eating at a food stand in a petrol station at the entrance of the settlement found him．According to some people on the spot accounts reported by Israeli media, a soldier shot and wounded the bomber, who then exploded．

　　The Magen David Adorn ambulance service said at least three people were killed and at least 30 wounded in the blast, which set the bomber burning at Ariel, about 25 kilometers east of Tel Aviv．

　　A fire brigade official said：“The bomber was still burning when we got there and we put out the fire immediately．”

　　Meanwhile, a blast shook homes in Lebanon's largest Palestinian refugee camp early yesterday, damaging buildings but causing no injuries, Palestinian sources said．They said the bomb was planted outside the home of a member of Palestinian President Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction in Ain el-Hilwch camp, and exploded while the family was sleeping．

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　　Ellen Parker was worried about her health．She couldn't walk very quickly and it was difficult for her to climb stairs, she was soon out of breath．

　　“I suppose I had better go to the doctor,”she thought．

　　She went to the doctor and told him her problem．

　　“I'm not at all surprised,”he said．“It's clear what your problem is．”

　　He examined her and then gave her some advice．“If you don't do what I say, Mrs Parker,”he said,“then you will have a heart attack．It could kill you．”

　　Ellen was very worried as she left the doctor's．

　　She knew that she had to take his advice but that it would not be easy and that it would take time．

　　The next day she went shopping．The first shop she went into was a butcher's shop．

　　“I'd like ten pounds of steak, please,”she said．

　　“Certainly, madam,”the butcher replied and went into the cold storage room and found a large piece of steak．

　　He brought the huge piece of meat back into the shop and placed it on the scale(秤)．

　　“That's just under ten pounds,”he said．

　　The butcher worked out the price．

　　“At ＄4.99 a pound that will be ＄45.50 please．Shall I cut it up into small pieces for you?”

　　“Oh, I don't want to buy the meat,”Mrs Parker said．

　　“If you don't want to buy it,”the butcher replied,“why did you ask me to get it for you?”

　　“I just wanted to see what 10 pounds of meat looked like．”

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